Enterohemorrhagic and other Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli

Jandhyala, Dakshina M.; Mallick, Emily M.; Leong, John M.; Balasubramanian, Sowmya

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397048-0.00005-x

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 479 publications

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“…Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were formally recognized as agents of human disease in the early 1980s when infections caused by serotype O157:H7 and non-O157 serotypes were definitively linked to watery and bloody diarrheas, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome (Karmali, 1989 ; Karmali et al, 2010 ). Numerous water or food-borne outbreaks have been documented since and persistent rates of community-acquired infections are reported in different continents, countries and regions (Johnson et al, 2006 ; Gould et al, 2013 ; Vanaja et al, 2013 ). A recent analysis of global data suggests that 2,801,000 acute illnesses, 3890 cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome, 270 cases of permanent end-stage renal disease and 230 deaths are attributable to STEC annually (Majowicz et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Contemporary improvements in the quality of clinical data stemming from advances in methods for the detection and characterization of STEC have supported more robust estimates of disease causality. It is now apparent that infections with non-O157 serotypes are as frequent or may exceed those attributed to serotype O157:H7 in some jurisdictions (Johnson et al, 2006 ; Grant et al, 2011 ; Gould et al, 2013 ; Vanaja et al, 2013 ; Byrne et al, 2014 ; Luna-Gierke et al, 2014 ). In Canada, for example, slightly more than half of clinical cases reported to the Public Health Agency of Canada surveillance programs are caused by serogroup O157 and the rest are distributed among six additional “priority” serogroups including O26, O103, O111, O117, O121, and O145 (Catford et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Canadian Urban-Agricultural Landscape

Nadya

Delaquis

Chen

et al. 2016

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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A hydrophobic grid membrane filtration—Shiga toxin immunoblot method was used to examine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in four watersheds located in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada, a region characterized by rapid urbanization and intensive agricultural activity. STEC were recovered from 21.6, 23.2, 19.5, and 9.2% of surface water samples collected monthly from five sites in each watershed over a period of 1 year. Overall prevalence was subject to seasonal variation however, ranging between 13.3% during fall months and 34.3% during winter months. STEC were also recovered from 23.8% of sediment samples collected in one randomly selected site. One hundred distinct STEC isolates distributed among 29 definitive and 4 ambiguous or indeterminate serotypes were recovered from water and sediments, including isolates from Canadian “priority” serogroups O157 (3), O26 (4), O103 (5), and O111 (7). Forty seven isolates were further characterized by analysis of whole genome sequences to detect Shiga toxin gene (stx 1 and stx 2), intimin gene (eaeA) allelic variants and acquired virulence factors. These analyses collectively showed that surface waters from the region support highly diverse STEC populations that include strains with virulence factors commonly associated with human pathotypes. The present work served to characterize the microbiological hazard implied by STEC to support future assessments of risks to public health arising from non-agricultural and agricultural uses of surface water resources in the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Canadian Urban-Agricultural Landscape

Nadya

Delaquis

Chen

et al. 2016

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Shiga toxins are ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) that damage 28S rRNA, thereby inhibiting new protein synthesis (reviewed in Vanaja et al [3]). Stxs are approximately 70-kDa protein complexes comprised of one enzymatically active (ribosome depurinating) A subunit (ϳ32 kDa) and five B subunits (ϳ7.7 kDa each).…”

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confidence: 99%

Activation of the Classical Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Is Part of the Shiga Toxin-Induced Ribotoxic Stress Response and May Contribute to Shiga Toxin-Induced Inflammation

et al. 2016

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c Infection with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can result in severe disease, including hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Shiga toxins (Stx) are the key EHEC virulence determinant contributing to severe disease. Despite inhibiting protein synthesis, Shiga toxins paradoxically induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines from various cell types in vitro, including intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). This effect is mediated in large part by the ribotoxic stress response (RSR). The Shiga toxin-induced RSR is known to involve the activation of the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs) p38 and JNK. In some cell types, Stx also can induce the classical mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) or ERK1/2, but the mechanism(s) by which this activation occurs is unknown. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Stx activates ERK1/2s in IECs and the contribution of ERK1/2 activation to interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression. We demonstrate that Stx1 activates ERK1/2 in a biphasic manner: the first phase occurs in response to StxB1 subunit, while the second phase requires StxA1 subunit activity. We show that the A subunit-dependent ERK1/2 activation is mediated through ZAK-dependent signaling, and inhibition of ERK1/2 activation via the MEK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059 results in decreased Stx1-mediated IL-8 mRNA. Finally, we demonstrate that ERK1/2 are activated in vivo in the colon of Stx2-intoxicated infant rabbits, a model in which Stx2 induces a primarily neutrophilic inflammatory response. Together, our data support a role for ERK1/2 activation in the development of Stx-mediated intestinal inflammation.

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“…In contrast, infection with the EPEC and EHEC in humans is associated with a weaker inflammatory response despite the ability of the bacteria to cause disruption of epithelial barrier integrity. This can be explained by the bacteria ability to inhibit various MAP kinase pathways associated with NF-κB and induction of innate immune responses ( 24 , 25 ). Although the initial host response to the infection contributes to C. rodentium pathology, this immune response also plays a protective role.…”

Section: Citrobacter Rodentiummentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteria That Cause Enteric Diseases Stimulate Distinct Humoral Immune Responses

Amani

Lang

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Bacterial enteric pathogens individually and collectively represent a serious global health burden. Humoral immune responses following natural or experimentally-induced infections are broadly appreciated to contribute to pathogen clearance and prevention of disease recurrence. Herein, we have compared observations on humoral immune mechanisms following infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species, Salmonella enterica species, and Clostridioides difficile. A comparison of what is known about the humoral immune responses to these pathogens reveals considerable variance in specific features of humoral immunity including establishment of high affinity, IgG class-switched memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell compartments. This article suggests that such variance could be contributory to persistent and recurrent disease.

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Enterohemorrhagic and other Shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli

Cited by 7 publications

References 479 publications

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Canadian Urban-Agricultural Landscape

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Surface Waters and Sediments in a Canadian Urban-Agricultural Landscape

Activation of the Classical Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Is Part of the Shiga Toxin-Induced Ribotoxic Stress Response and May Contribute to Shiga Toxin-Induced Inflammation

Bacteria That Cause Enteric Diseases Stimulate Distinct Humoral Immune Responses

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