Enteroviruses

Melnick, Joseph L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3237-4_9

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…It is probable that the antibacterial activity of Momordica charantia reported in the literature (over 85 reports in the NAPRALERT database in 1995) also contributes positively to gastrointestinal treatments. Many viruses have also been implicated in gastrointestinal diseases (Melnick, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity

Beloin

Gbéassor

Akpagana

et al. 2005

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

142

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity

Beloin

Gbéassor

Akpagana

et al. 2005

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

142

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“…Both acute and chronic myopathies have infrequently been related to coxsackievirus and echovirus infections (Grist et al 1978;Melnick 1982). Acute myositis, sometimes accompanied by myoglobinuria, appears to have been caused by coxsackieviruses in a handful of cases based upon serologic conversion and/or virus isolation (Hays and Gamboa 1986).…”

Section: Uncommon Neurologic Syndromesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Enterovirus Infections

Jubelt¹

2012

Viral Infections of the Human Nervous System

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The human enteroviruses (EV) comprise one group of the picornavirus family. The best known members are the polioviruses (PV), coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses. They replicate in the oropharynx and gastrointestinal (GI) tract and are primarily spread by fecal-hand-oral contamination. With systemic invasion nonspecific febrile illness occurs as well as specific syndromes (rashes, hand-footand-mouth disease, herpangina, pleurodynia, myocarditis/pericarditis, and conjunctivitis). With systemic replication a high level viremia may result in central nervous system (CNS) invasion. EV activity can be endemic in warm climates or epidemic in temperate climates. In temperate climates, because of improved hygiene, newborns were not exposed to EV until they were older, resulting in large epidemics of poliomyelitis, which were finally curtailed with the killed PV vaccines in the 1950s and the live oral PV vaccines in the 1960s. Today, "aseptic" meningitis is the most common neurologic syndrome caused by EV. EV are also the most common cause of viral meningitis. Other EV neurologic syndromes include encephalitis, rhombencephalitis, paralytic disease, persistent infections, and the severe group B coxsackievirus fatal systemic infections of neonates. Diagnostic clues can come from epidemics, systemic manifestations, household infections, the cerebrospinal picture, and the neurologic syndrome. However, definite diagnosis depends on laboratory methods, primarily nucleic acid amplification. Treatment of acute infections is supportive. Preventative methods include good hygiene and aggressive polio vaccination programs.

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“…Coxsackievirus type B is recognized as the most common viral etiological agent associated with heart disease (Bowles et al, 1986) and causes more than 50% of all cases of viral myocarditis (See & Tilles, 1991) (Table 2). In some investigations, as many as 39% of patients infected with coxsackievirus B5 experienced heart problems (Melnick, 1982), and coxsackievirus antigens are commonly found in damaged heart tissues.…”

Section: Human Health Hazard Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was difficult to quantify the risk of myocarditis or the development of IDDM. However, it is possible that up to 39% could develop more severe conditions as a result of infection (Melnick, 1982).…”

Section: Risk Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus

Mena¹,

Gerba²,

Haas³

et al. 2003

Journal AWWA

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Virus contamination of the water environment through disposal of human wastewater remains a concern for the water industry. Coxsackieviruses are the most common nonpolio enteroviruses found in domestic wastewater and in contaminated surface water, groundwater, and drinking water. Although most infections result in mild febrile illness, coxsackieviruses are capable of causing a wide range of serious illnesses (including aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, and respiratory illness) and are associated with cases of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. A risk assessment approach was used to evaluate the potential public health effects associated with contaminated drinking water and recreational waters. An exponential model developed from human dose–response studies was used to describe the infectivity of coxsackievirus type B and estimate daily and yearly risks of infection, morbidity, and mortality. Concentrations of coxsackievirus reported in the literature were used to examine potential exposure. Although risks of infection for coxsackievirus are lower than for rotavirus, levels detected during outbreaks resulted in risks of 10–1 annually for drinking water. Risks assuming an ingestion of 100 mL per swim were 10–2 for a 10‐day exposure to freshwater. The severity of the diseases associated with this type of virus and its widespread contamination emphasize the importance of maintaining reliable wastewater and drinking water treatment.

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Enteroviruses

Cited by 21 publications

References 144 publications

Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity

Ethnomedicinal uses of Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) in Togo and relation to its phytochemistry and biological activity

Enterovirus Infections

Risk Assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus

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