Enthesopathy – a personal perspective on its manifestations, implications and treatment

Cormick, Wes

doi:10.1002/j.2205-0140.2010.tb00174.x

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Under magnification, the border of the neural spine apex is highly irregular, which denotes enthesis. Commonly studied under injuries such as “tennis elbow,” “jumper's knee” (Benjamin et al, ), and Achilles tendinosis (Cormick, ), enthesis is defined as the insertion point of a ligament or tendon into bone via Sharpey's Fibers. At this junction, the collagen fibers of the connective tissue are mineralized through metaplasia (Benjamin et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy of the bifurcated neural spine and its occurence within Tetrapoda

Woodruff

2014

Journal of Morphology

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Vertebral neural spine bifurcation has been historically treated as largely restrictive to sauropodomorph dinosaurs; wherein it is inferred to be an adaptation in response to the increasing weight from the horizontally extended cervical column. Because no extant terrestrial vertebrates have massive, horizontally extended necks, extant forms with large cranial masses were examined for the presence of neural spine bifurcation. Here, I report for the first time on the soft tissue surrounding neural spine bifurcation in a terrestrial quadruped through the dissection of three Ankole-Watusi cattle. With horns weighing up to a combined 90 kg, the Ankole-Watusi is unlike any other breed of cattle in terms of cranial weight and presence of neural spine bifurcation. Using the Ankole-Watusi as a model, it appears that neural spine bifurcation plays a critical role in supporting a large mobile weight adjacent to the girdles. In addition to neural spine bifurcation being recognized within nonavian dinosaurs, this vertebral feature is also documented within many members of temnospondyls, captorhinids, seymouriamorphs, diadectomorphs, Aves, marsupials, artiodactyls, perissodactyls, and Primates, amongst others. This phylogenetic distribution indicates that spine bifurcation is more common than previously thought, and that this vertebral adaptation has contributed throughout the evolutionary history of tetrapods. Neural spine bifurcation should now be recognized as an anatomical component adapted by some vertebrates to deal with massive, horizontal, mobile weights adjacent the girdles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anatomy of the bifurcated neural spine and its occurence within Tetrapoda

Woodruff

2014

Journal of Morphology

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“…During medieval times the presence of such sex differences was attributed to the conventional "man the hunter vs. woman the gatherer" labour division [14]. Contrary to the correlative relationship between osteolytic changes and tendon tears established by Bianchi et al [7], Cormick [8] described the development of tendon tears to be caused by enthesopathy and subsequent loss of tendon impliability. Despite the well-defined functional-anatomic unit formed by the rotator cuff, the glenohumeral joint is subject to a great degree of pathology [16,18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enthesopathic patterns of two South African female cadavers

2017

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Enthesopathy is considered to be an osseous phenomenon, either disease-specific or bone-site specific, which occurs at the enthesis of bone. Upon routine cadaveric dissection of the glenohumeral region in two Caucasian females, enthesopathy of the right proximal humerus was observed unilaterally in both cases. Case 1 exhibited an inconsistent pattern of bony protuberances and crests dispersed across the lesser and greater tuberosities of the right humeral head. Varying degrees of ossification of the distal subscapularis muscle was also observed. Case 2 presented with a distinctively large enthesophyte that protruded supero-medially from the proximal right humerus. In addition, ossification of the distal-most aspect of the supraspinatus muscle was identified. Cases 1 and 2 were both reflective of osteophytic enthesopathy as proliferative change was clearly visible on the proximal aspect of each humerus.Whilst the presence of enthesopathies may be indicative of underlying pathology, it may prove beneficial to the field of bioarchaeology for the remodelling of lifestyles of ancient civilizations through the provision of current day variations as seen in these two case studies. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 326-330)

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New frontiers of tendon augmentation technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a concise literature review

et al. 2022

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Tissue banking programs fail to meet the demand for human organs and tissues for transplantation into patients with congenital defects, injuries, chronic diseases, and end-stage organ failure. Tendons and ligaments are among the most frequently ruptured and/or worn-out body tissues owing to their frequent use, especially in athletes and the elderly population. Surgical repair has remained the mainstay management approach, regardless of scarring and adhesion formation during healing, which then compromises the gliding motion of the joint and reduces the quality of life for patients. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches, such as tendon augmentation, are promising as they may provide superior outcomes by inducing host-tissue ingrowth and tendon regeneration during degradation, thereby decreasing failure rates and morbidity. However, to date, tendon tissue engineering and regeneration research has been limited and lacks the much-needed human clinical evidence to translate most laboratory augmentation approaches to therapeutics. This narrative review summarizes the current treatment options for various tendon pathologies, future of tendon augmentation, cell therapy, gene therapy, 3D/4D bioprinting, scaffolding, and cell signals.

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Enthesopathy – a personal perspective on its manifestations, implications and treatment

Cited by 5 publications

References 39 publications

The anatomy of the bifurcated neural spine and its occurence within Tetrapoda

The anatomy of the bifurcated neural spine and its occurence within Tetrapoda

Enthesopathic patterns of two South African female cadavers

New frontiers of tendon augmentation technology in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: a concise literature review

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