Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective

Ebani, Valentina Virginia; Mancianti, Francesca

doi:10.3390/biology10060479

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 287 publications

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“…These problems have not been noted with the use of entomopathogenic fungi and studies aimed at evaluating the possible negative effects related to the application of EPF in the environment have not shown negative effects on ecosystems and mammals [157][158][159].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping

Bava

Castagna

Piras

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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The emergence of resistance to chemical drugs in beekeeping is becoming a phenomenon of widespread concern. One promising alternative to the use of chemicals is entomopathogenic organisms that are environmentally friendly and are capable of stopping the expression of resistance once it has evolved. In the recent past, the scientific community has carried out several experiments addressing the use of microbiological control agents. In particular, experimental studies using entomopathogenic fungi have had more success in honey bee research. With their adherence properties and their ability to digest the cuticle and overcome the host defense mechanism, they could be a suitable ingredient in bioacaricides. Several promising fungi have been identified in the search for effective means to control pest populations. The data obtained from the different experiments are interesting and often favorable to their use, but there are also conflicting results. The aim of this review is to describe the state of the art on the topic under investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping

Bava

Castagna

Piras

et al. 2022

Veterinary Sciences

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“…Natural enemies of ticks include parasitoid wasps, insectivorous birds, nematodes, Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria, and deuteromycete fungi (Bassiana, Beauveria, and Metarhizium). The biocontrol potential of entomopathogenic fungi for tick control has been examined in various laboratory bioassays (Ebani and Mancianti, 2021). Conidia have been found effective when applied on an animal host under field and semi-field conditions but greatly depend on the behavior of the tick species infesting and the animal host involved.…”

Section: Biological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some entomopathogenic bacteria, such as B. thuringiensis, exhibit mortality in ticks, specifically the larval form of ticks, and higher mortality rates were recorded with an increase in spore concentration. This control strategy offers potential for the control of ectoparasites (Ebani and Mancianti, 2021).…”

Section: Biological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

et al. 2022

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Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs.

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“…Fungal spores germinate and breach the insect cuticle through enzymatic degradation and mechanical pressure to gain entry into the insect body under an ideal condition. The EPF have fast multiplication after invading the insect tissues, and emerge from the dead insect to produce more fungal spores (Dara, 2017;Altinok et al, 2019;Ebani and Mancianti, 2021). However, it is worth noting that these EPF serve to minimize crop damage by causing host pest infection, which leads to a decrease in feeding, egg laying, development, and mating and disturbs the physiological function of pests (Thomas et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions

et al. 2023

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Maize is an essential crop of China. The recent invasion of Spodoptera frugiperda, also known as fall armyworm (FAW), poses a danger to the country’s ability to maintain a sustainable level of productivity from this core crop. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Metarhizium anisopliae MA, Penicillium citrinum CTD-28 and CTD-2, Cladosporium sp. BM-8, Aspergillus sp. SE-25 and SE-5, Metarhizium sp. CA-7, and Syncephalastrum racemosum SR-23 were tested to determine their effectiveness in causing mortality in second instars, eggs, and neonate larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae MA, P. citrinum CTD-28, and Cladosporium sp. BM-8 caused the highest levels of egg mortality, with 86.0, 75.3, and 70.0%, respectively, followed by Penicillium sp. CTD-2 (60.0%). Additionally, M. anisopliae MA caused the highest neonatal mortality of 57.1%, followed by P. citrinum CTD-28 (40.7%). In addition, M. anisopliae MA, P. citrinum CTD-28, and Penicillium sp. CTD-2 decreased the feeding efficacy of second instar larvae of FAW by 77.8, 75.0, and 68.1%, respectively, followed by Cladosporium sp. BM-8 (59.7%). It is possible that EPF will play an important role as microbial agents against FAW after further research is conducted on the effectiveness of these EPF in the field.

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Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective

Cited by 19 publications

References 287 publications

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping

Entomopathogenic Fungi for Pests and Predators Control in Beekeeping

Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface

Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions

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