Entomopoxviruses

King, Linda A.; Wilkinson, Nicola; Miller, Davin; Marlow, Susan

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5341-0_1

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…This answer cannot be given on the basis of phylogenetic analyses alone, but must be based on the specific definition of demarcation criteria defining these taxa. Formation of OB alone, however, should not be used as a distinguishing criterion of virus families, since OB formation can also be observed in other insect-specific virus clades within Poxviridae and Reoviridae (2,27). Hence, much more needs to be known about virion properties and infection and replication strategies, as well as the host range and virus ecology of nudiviruses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genome of Gryllus bimaculatus Nudivirus Indicates an Ancient Diversification of Baculovirus-Related Nonoccluded Nudiviruses of Insects

Wang

Kleespies²,

Huger³

et al. 2007

J Virol

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The Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus (GbNV) infects nymphs and adults of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). GbNV and other nudiviruses such as Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1) and Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) were previously called "nonoccluded baculoviruses" as they share some similar structural, genomic, and replication aspects with members of the family Baculoviridae. Their relationships to each other and to baculoviruses are elucidated by the sequence of the complete genome of GbNV, which is 96,944 bp, has an AT content of 72%, and potentially contains 98 predicted protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs). Forty-one ORFs of GbNV share sequence similarities with ORFs found in OrNV, HzNV-1, baculoviruses, and bacteria. Most notably, 15 GbNV ORFs are homologous to the baculovirus core genes, which are associated with transcription (lef-8, lef-9, lef-4, vlf-1, and lef-5), replication (dnapol), structural proteins (p74, pif-1, pif-2, pif-3, vp91, and odv-e56), and proteins of unknown function (38K, ac81, and 19kda). Homologues to these baculovirus core genes have been predicted in HzNV-1 as well. Six GbNV ORFs are homologous to nonconserved baculovirus genes dnaligase, helicase 2, rr1, rr2, iap-3, and desmoplakin. However, the remaining 57 ORFs revealed no homology or poor similarities to the current gene databases. No homologous repeat (hr) sequences but fourteen short direct repeat (dr) regions were detected in the GbNV genome. Gene content and sequence similarity suggest that the nudiviruses GbNV, HzNV-1, and OrNV form a monophyletic group of nonoccluded double-stranded DNA viruses, which separated from the baculovirus lineage before this radiated into dipteran-, hymenopteran-, and lepidopteran-specific clades of occluded nucleopolyhedroviruses and granuloviruses. The accumulated information on the GbNV genome suggests that nudiviruses form a highly diverse and phylogenetically ancient sister group of the baculoviruses, which have evolved in a variety of highly divergent host orders.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Genome of Gryllus bimaculatus Nudivirus Indicates an Ancient Diversification of Baculovirus-Related Nonoccluded Nudiviruses of Insects

Wang

Kleespies²,

Huger³

et al. 2007

J Virol

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“…Various bacterial and viral insect pathogens are used successfully in microbial control of insects (Thiery & Frachon, 1997;King et al, 1998;Sezen et al, 2001Sezen et al, , 2004Sezen et al, , 2005. In this study, in order to find a more toxic pesticide against A. alni, we tested the insecticidal effects of 25 insect-originating bacteria, 2 bacterial toxins and 1 viral preparation on the larvae of this pest.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticidal effects of some biological agents on Agelastica alni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Sezen

Demirbağ

2006

Biologia

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Abstract:The alder leaf beetle (Agelastica alni L., Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) causes approximately 10% of total economic damage to hazelnut product per year in Turkey. A. alni larvae are susceptible to several pathogens indigenous to the area in which these insects occur in Turkey. In the present study, in order to find a more effective and safer biological control agent against this common pest, we evaluated the various biological agents' insecticidal activity during the four hazelnut seasons from 2002 to 2005 on the larvae of the alder leaf beetle collected from the vicinity of Trabzon, Turkey. The tested agents are 25 insect-originating bacteria, 2 bacterial toxins and 1 viral preparation. The results showed that the highest insecticidal activity was obtained by bacterial isolates at 1.8 × 10 9 bacteria/mL dose, within ten days on the larvae of A. alni. These are 90% for Bacillus thuringiensis biovar tenebrionis (4AA1), Bacillus sphaericus (Ar4, isolated from Anoplus roboris L., Col.: Curculionidae), and Bacillus thuringiensis (Mm2, isolated from Melolontha melolontha L., Col.: Scarabaeidae). Our results indicate that these isolates may be valuable as biological control agent.

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“…In the quantitative PCR experiment, the AcEPV DNA likely did not replicate before excision of the midgut, since only about 6 to 7 h had passed after the larvae were transferred to wells on which artificial diet containing spheroids with or without spindles was placed (11). Furthermore, the larvae did not begin to eat the artificial diet in the experiments until at least 2 or 3 h after they had been transferred to the wells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spindles of an Entomopoxvirus Facilitate Its Infection of the Host Insect by Disrupting the Peritrophic Membrane

Mitsuhashi

Kawakita

Murakami

et al. 2007

J Virol

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The mode of action by which entomopoxvirus (EPV) spindles, proteinaceous crystalline bodies produced by EPVs, enhance EPV infection has not been clarified. We fed Anomala cuprea EPV (AcEPV) spindles to host insects; subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed the disruption of the peritrophic membranes (PMs) of these insects. The PM is reportedly a barrier against the infection of some insects by viruses. Quantitative PCR of AcEPV DNA in the ectoperitrophic area revealed that PM disruption facilitated the passage of EPVs through the PM toward the initial infection site, the midgut epithelium. These results indicate that EPV spindles enhance infection by EPVs by disrupting the PM in the host insects. Fusolin is almost exclusively the constituent protein of the spindles and is the enhancing factor of the infectivity of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and possibly that of EPVs. Spheroid is another type of proteinaceous crystalline structure produced by EPVs. Pseudaletia separata EPV (PsEPV) spheroids reportedly contain considerable amounts of fusolin and enhance NPV infection. We assessed the ability of AcEPV spheroids to enhance EPV infectivity and their effect on the PM and carried out immunological experiments; these experiments showed that AcEPV spheroids contain little or no fusolin and are biologically inactive, in contrasts to the situation in PsEPV.Entomopoxviruses (EPVs) are poxviruses that infect insects of orders such as Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, and Diptera. Many EPVs form two types of proteinaceous crystalline bodies: spheroids and spindles. The spheroid contains virions, whereas the spindle does not; thus, spheroids are agents of infection. The major constituent proteins of the spheroid and spindle are spheroidin and fusolin, respectively, and these two are the most abundant proteins among those produced by EPVs. Peroral administration of the spindles of a coleopteran EPV, Anomala cuprea EPV (AcEPV), to Bombyx mori and Spilosoma imparilis, lepidopteran hosts of two species of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), enhances the infectivity of not only the occluded NPVs of these two species (16, 19) but also of a nonoccluded NPV of B. mori (4), although AcEPV itself cannot infect these two insects. However, these are artificial phenomena that occur by experimental combination of the spindles with NPVs; these insects on plants rarely ingest AcEPV spindles that are present in soils, together with the NPVs. Also, this mechanism of enhanced infectivity of NPVs is considered to be worthless for the survival of AcEPVs that cannot infect the insects. NPVs and EPVs are taxonomically distant DNA insect viruses. NPVs belong to the family Baculoviridae, whereas EPVs belong to the Poxviridae. However, AcEPV spindles also enhance the infectivity of AcEPV in its host insect, the larva of the cupreous chafer A. cuprea, strongly suggesting that the natural biological function of EPV spindles is to enhance the infectivity of EPVs (15,20). (17) showed that the peritrophic membrane (PM) of B. mori larvae was disinte...

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Entomopoxviruses

Cited by 12 publications

References 91 publications

The Genome of Gryllus bimaculatus Nudivirus Indicates an Ancient Diversification of Baculovirus-Related Nonoccluded Nudiviruses of Insects

The Genome of Gryllus bimaculatus Nudivirus Indicates an Ancient Diversification of Baculovirus-Related Nonoccluded Nudiviruses of Insects

Insecticidal effects of some biological agents on Agelastica alni (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

Spindles of an Entomopoxvirus Facilitate Its Infection of the Host Insect by Disrupting the Peritrophic Membrane

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