Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Rona, Peter A.; Bemis, K. G.; Jones, Christopher D.; Jackson, Darrell R.; Mitsuzawa, K.; Silver, Deborah

doi:10.1029/2006gl027211

Cited by 30 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Acoustic scintillation and acoustic remote imaging are the two major active techniques that have been applied in many cases of hydrothermal investigation during the past two decades (Di Iorio et al, 2005;Rona et al, 1991;Rona et al, 2002;Rona et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes

Iorio

2011

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Acoustic methods are applied to the investigation and monitoring of a vigorous hydrothermal plume within the Main Endeavor vent field at the Endeavor segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Forward propagation and scattering from suspended particulates using Rayleigh scattering theory is shown to be negligible (log-amplitude variance σ(χ) (2)~10(-7)) compared to turbulence induced by temperature fluctuations (σ(χ) (2)~0.1). The backscattering from turbulence is then quantified using the forward scattering derived turbulence level, which gives a volume backscattering strength of s(V)=6.5 × 10(-8) m(-1). The volume backscattering cross section from particulates can range from s(V)=3.3 × 10(-6) to 7.2 × 10(-10) m(-1) depending on the particle size. These results show that forward scatter acoustic methods in hydrothermal vent applications can be used to quantify turbulence and its effect on backscatter measurements, which can be a dominant factor depending on the particle size and its location within the plume.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes

Iorio

2011

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic technique was used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids (liquid and gas) emitted from the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well. This method, which adapts acoustic techniques previously developed for deep-sea hydrothermal vent research (1), enabled observation from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) (Fig. S1) at horizontal standoff distances of between 2 and 7 m, providing a noncontact method of measurement wherein the sensors did not disturb the flow or become fouled with oil or gas hydrate accretions.…”

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confidence: 99%

Acoustic measurement of the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well flow rate

Camilli

Iorio

Bowen

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

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On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic measurement method was used to quantify fluid leakage rate from the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well prior to removal of its broken riser. This method utilized an acoustic imaging sonar and acoustic Doppler sonar operating onboard a remotely operated vehicle for noncontact measurement of flow cross-section and velocity from the well's two leak sites. Over 2,500 sonar cross-sections and over 85,000 Doppler velocity measurements were recorded during the acquisition process. These data were then applied to turbulent jet and plume flow models to account for entrained water and calculate a combined hydrocarbon flow rate from the two leak sites at seafloor conditions. Based on the chemical composition of end-member samples collected from within the well, this bulk volumetric rate was then normalized to account for contributions from gases and condensates at initial leak source conditions. Results from this investigation indicate that on May 31, 2010, the well's oil flow rate was approximately 0.10 AE 0.017 m 3 s −1 at seafloor conditions, or approximately 85AE 15 kg s −1 (7.4 AE 1.3 Gg d −1 ), equivalent to approximately 57,000AE 9,800 barrels of oil per day at surface conditions. End-member chemical composition indicates that this oil release rate was accompanied by approximately an additional 24 AE 4.2 kg s −1 (2.1AE 0.37 Gg d −1 ) of natural gas (methane through pentanes), yielding a total hydrocarbon release rate of 110 AE 19 kg s −1 (9.5 AE 1.6 Gg d −1 ).Gulf of Mexico | oil spill | buoyant plume | buoyant jet | subsurface A ccurate assessment of the hydrocarbon fluid release rate from well blowouts such as that of the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well provides fundamental information for evaluating intervention options to regain well control, properly scaling oil collection and containment operations, estimating the total spill volume, assessing environmental damage, and investigating well casing or blowout preventer (BOP) failure modes. On May 31, 2010, a direct acoustic technique was used to measure the volumetric flow rate of fluids (liquid and gas) emitted from the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well. This method, which adapts acoustic techniques previously developed for deep-sea hydrothermal vent research (1), enabled observation from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) (Fig. S1) at horizontal standoff distances of between 2 and 7 m, providing a noncontact method of measurement wherein the sensors did not disturb the flow or become fouled with oil or gas hydrate accretions. Despite the optical opacity of the fluid, this acoustic technique enabled quantitatively detailed measurement of the leaks' cross-sectional areas and velocity profiles. This acoustic flow rate assessment was conducted on a "not to interfere basis" due to the well containment operations being carried out from late April through mid-July. Data were thus collected on an opportunistic basis during short time intervals between containment procedures.Acoustic measurement commenced immediately following the unsuccessful "...

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“…Underwater acoustics, as an important remote-sensing tool of oceanographic research, has been applied in many hydrothermal studies (Di Iorio et al, 2005;Rona et al, 2006;Xu et al, 2014;Bemis et al, 2015). In these studies, researchers apply active acoustic techniques (e.g., acoustic scintillation and acoustic imaging) to acquire quantitative information (e.g., flow rate, heat transport, and areal distribution) of hydrothermal discharge by analyzing the scattered acoustic signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relative effect of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep sea hydrothermal vent plumes revisited

Jackson

Bemis

2017

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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The relative importance of suspended particles and turbulence as backscattering mechanisms within a hydrothermal plume located on the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is determined by comparing acoustic backscatter measured by the Cabled Observatory Vent Imaging Sonar (COVIS) with model calculations based on in situ samples of particles suspended within the plume. Analysis of plume samples yields estimates of the mass concentration and size distribution of particles, which are used to quantify their contribution to acoustic backscatter. The result shows negligible effects of plume particles on acoustic backscatter within the initial 10-m rise of the plume. This suggests turbulence-induced temperature fluctuations are the dominant backscattering mechanism within lower levels of the plume. Furthermore, inversion of the observed acoustic backscatter for the standard deviation of temperature within the plume yields a reasonable match with the in situ temperature measurements made by a conductivity-temperature-depth instrument. This finding shows that turbulence-induced temperature fluctuations are the dominant backscattering mechanism and demonstrates the potential of using acoustic backscatter as a remote-sensing tool to measure the temperature variability within a hydrothermal plume.

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Entrainment and bending in a major hydrothermal plume, Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge

Cited by 30 publications

References 17 publications

The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes

The relative effects of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep-sea hydrothermal vent plumes

Acoustic measurement of the Deepwater Horizon Macondo well flow rate

The relative effect of particles and turbulence on acoustic scattering from deep sea hydrothermal vent plumes revisited

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