Entropy as a Measure of Auditory Environment Diversity: An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Approach

Wu, Yu-Hsiang; Stangl, Elizabeth; Dunn, Camille; Oleson, Jacob

doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000001334

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Entropy calculations were made using the Shannon entropy formulation ( 8 ):

where

is the probability of the i th event in signal x . The use of Shannon entropy was motivated by its prior use in measuring diversity in auditory environments ( 11 , 12 ). Thus, for this study, entropy varies as a function of the probability of the SPLs and hearing environment classifications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants who recorded a greater diversity of EMA response combinations therefore encountered more diverse auditory environments and had higher EMA entropy values. EMA entropy was calculated using the method described in ( 12 ), which in turn used the network approach described in ( 9 ). The EMA analysis included 8 EMA questions with 52 total possible response options ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because entropy might increase as a function of the number of values in the calculation, the EMA entropy value was then normalized by the log of the number of EMAs completed by each subject. For a more detailed explanation of calculating entropy from EMA responses, see ( 12 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ghozi et al ( 11 ) used entropy to show how the complexity of a single auditory environment (a college cafeteria) increased with occupancy and sound pressure level. Wu et al ( 12 ) proposed entropy as a means to quantify auditory environments using EMA. Wu et al ( 12 ) first showed that auditory environment diversity declined during the Covid-19 pandemic among cochlear implant users, mirroring the known effects of the pandemic on social lifestyle among the same participants ( 13 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wu et al ( 12 ) proposed entropy as a means to quantify auditory environments using EMA. Wu et al ( 12 ) first showed that auditory environment diversity declined during the Covid-19 pandemic among cochlear implant users, mirroring the known effects of the pandemic on social lifestyle among the same participants ( 13 ). The authors also showed that hearing aid users with higher auditory environment entropy reported less hearing aid benefit, suggesting that entropy is a useful clinical measure for quantifying auditory environment diversity and its effect on hearing aid outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Auditory environment diversity quantified using entropy from real-world hearing aid data

Jorgensen

Chipara

et al. 2023

Front. Digit. Health

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IntroductionUsing data collected from hearing aid users’ own hearing aids could improve the customization of hearing aid processing for different users based on the auditory environments they encounter in daily life. Prior studies characterizing hearing aid users’ auditory environments have focused on mean sound pressure levels and proportions of environments based on classifications. In this study, we extend these approaches by introducing entropy to quantify the diversity of auditory environments hearing aid users encounter.Materials and MethodsParticipants from 4 groups (younger listeners with normal hearing and older listeners with hearing loss from an urban or rural area) wore research hearing aids and completed ecological momentary assessments on a smartphone for 1 week. The smartphone was programmed to sample the processing state (input sound pressure level and environment classification) of the hearing aids every 10 min and deliver an ecological momentary assessment every 40 min. Entropy values for sound pressure levels, environment classifications, and ecological momentary assessment responses were calculated for each participant to quantify the diversity of auditory environments encountered over the course of the week. Entropy values between groups were compared. Group differences in entropy were compared to prior work reporting differences in mean sound pressure levels and proportions of environment classifications. Group differences in entropy measured objectively from the hearing aid data were also compared to differences in entropy measured from the self-report ecological momentary assessment data.ResultsAuditory environment diversity, quantified using entropy from the hearing aid data, was significantly higher for younger listeners than older listeners. Entropy measured using ecological momentary assessment was also significantly higher for younger listeners than older listeners.DiscussionUsing entropy, we show that younger listeners experience a greater diversity of auditory environments than older listeners. Alignment of group entropy differences with differences in sound pressure levels and hearing aid feature activation previously reported, along with alignment with ecological momentary response entropy, suggests that entropy is a valid and useful metric. We conclude that entropy is a simple and intuitive way to measure auditory environment diversity using hearing aid data.

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“…Entropy calculations were made using the Shannon entropy formulation ( 8 ):

where

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Auditory environment diversity quantified using entropy from real-world hearing aid data

Jorgensen

Chipara

et al. 2023

Front. Digit. Health

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Effects of entropy in real-world noise on speech perception in listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss

Jorgensen,

2023

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Hearing aids show more benefit in traditional laboratory speech-in-noise tests than in real-world noisy environments. Real-world noise comprises a large range of acoustic properties that vary randomly and rapidly between and within environments, making quantifying real-world noise and using it in experiments and clinical tests challenging. One approach is to use acoustic features and statistics to quantify acoustic properties of real-world noise and control for them or measure their relationship to listening performance. In this study, the complexity of real-world noise from different environments was quantified using entropy in both the time- and frequency-domains. A distribution of noise segments from low to high entropy were extracted. Using a trial-by-trial design, listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss (in aided and unaided conditions) repeated back sentences embedded in these noise segments. Entropy significantly affected speech perception, with a larger effect of entropy in the time-domain than the frequency-domain, a larger effect for listeners with normal hearing than for listeners with hearing loss, and a larger effect for listeners with hearing loss in the aided than unaided condition. Speech perception also differed between most environment types. Combining entropy with the environment type improved predictions of speech perception above the environment type alone.

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Real-world assessment of listener preference for hearing aid technology levels in socially involved situations

Glista,

O'Hagan,

Beh

et al. 2024

Front. Audiol. Otol.

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IntroductionCurrent hearing aids have an abundance of feature options and technologies. It is important to understand the clinical impact of hearing aid technology selection and how to individualize fittings to optimize hearing aid performance according to listening environment. To probe the naturalistic listening experiences researchers can use in-situ outcome measures. Survey-based real-world assessments can increase knowledge of hearing aid users' everyday scenarios, beyond the limits of lab-based scenarios. This study aimed to assess the relationship between subjective preference ratings of adult listeners and hearing aid technology level using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). A secondary research question explored survey completion as a function of real-world participation in socially involved situations.MethodsThis study aimed to capture and assess in-the-moment listening situations and participant preference for hearing aid technology levels, using EMA through an app-based survey. Surveying was completed indoors (at home), indoors (away from home); and outdoors, and while in a listening situation with at least one communication partner. Fourteen older adults, aged 61–82 years, who were experienced bilateral hearing aids users were included in this study. Participants completed a 2-week acclimatization period wearing study-provided hearing aids, and a 2-week data collection period. In-situ surveying was used to evaluate technology-level preference in real-world listening situations with at least one communication partner. Survey data captured in-the-moment details surrounding environment, activity, and listening preference. Mixed methods were used to analyze the data, including Bayesian analyses for preference data and content analysis for text-based survey responses, including the use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to guide activity categorization.ResultsAcross a wide variety of categorized activities, participants demonstrated a preference for mid- to high-level hearing aid technologies when compared to the lowest level. Technology preference also varied according to reported activity location.DiscussionThe use of in-situ surveying provided a broader understanding of hearing aid users' listening environments when conversing with one or more communication partners and related technology preferences. EMA was found to be a feasible method of data collection for this cohort and may help guide clinical, person-centered selection of technology level.

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Entropy as a Measure of Auditory Environment Diversity: An Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) Approach

Cited by 3 publications

References 14 publications

Auditory environment diversity quantified using entropy from real-world hearing aid data

Auditory environment diversity quantified using entropy from real-world hearing aid data

Effects of entropy in real-world noise on speech perception in listeners with normal hearing and hearing loss

Real-world assessment of listener preference for hearing aid technology levels in socially involved situations

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