“…Closely related work has largely focused on a few specific fields of study, institutions, or local labor markets (Acton, 2020;Carranza, Ferreyra, & Gazmuri, 2023;Foote & Grosz, 2020, 2020Gilpin et al, 2015;Weinstein, 2022). With the exception of Weinstein (2022), this work also has mainly considered the 2-year sector, perhaps due to the large role community colleges play in training workers for middle-skill jobs (Deming & Noray, 2020;Grubb, 1996), or for-profit institutions, due to their perceived "nimbleness" (Deming et al 2012).…”