Entry Routes of Veterinary Antibiotics in the Environment

Tasho, Reep Pandi; Cho, Jae-Young

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66260-2_4

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…These bacteria can rapidly transfer their resistance to other strains through genetic determinants carried by mobile elements. Resistant enterococci are able to persist in the animal intestine, contaminate the environment and food of animal origin, and transfer determinants to human gut’s isolates (Tasho and Cho, 2017). Moreover, community people can be exposed to antimicrobial resistant enterococci through direct contact.…”

Section: Transferable Genetic Determinants Of Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact on Public Health of the Spread of High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Enterococci

2018

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Antibiotic resistance has turned into a global public health issue. Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many antimicrobials groups. These bacteria colonize dairy and meat products and integrate the autochthonous microbiota of mammal’s gastrointestinal tract. Over the last decades, detection of vanA genotype in Enterococcus faecium from animals and from food of animal origin has been reported. Vancomycin-resistant E. faecium has become a prevalent nosocomial pathogen. Hospitalized patients are frequently treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials and this leads to an increase in the presence of VanA or VanB vancomycin-resistant enterococci in patients’ gastrointestinal tract and the risk of invasive infections. In humans, E. faecium is the main reservoir of VanA and VanB phenotypes. Acquisition of high-level aminoglycoside resistance is a significant therapeutic problem for patients with severe infections because it negates the synergistic effect between aminoglycosides and a cell-wall-active agent. The aac(6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia gene is widely spread in E. faecalis and has been detected in strains of human origin and in the food of animal origin. Enzyme AAC(6′)-Ie-APH(2″)-Ia confers resistance to available aminoglycosides, except to streptomycin. Due to the fast dissemination of this genetic determinant, the impact of its horizontal transferability among enterococcal species from different origin has been considered. The extensive use of antibiotics in food-producing animals contributes to an increase in drug-resistant animal bacteria that can be transmitted to humans. Innovation is needed for the development of new antibacterial drugs and for the design of combination therapies with conventional antibiotics. Nowadays, semi-purified bacteriocins and probiotics are becoming an attractive alternative to the antibiotic in animal production. Therefore, a better understanding of a complex and relevant issue for Public Health such as high-level vancomycin and gentamicin resistance in enterococci and their impact is needed. Hence, it is necessary to consider the spread of vanA E. faecium and high-level gentamicin resistant E. faecalis strains of different origin in the environment, and also highlight the potential horizontal transferability of these resistance determinants to other bacteria.

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Section: Transferable Genetic Determinants Of Antimicrobial Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Impact on Public Health of the Spread of High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Enterococci

2018

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“…Antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used in the livestock industry since the 1940s discovery that their addition can improve the growth of livestock, and they became a common practice in the 1950s. By 2001, approximately 70% of total antibiotics used in the USA were given to livestock (USA 2004;Tasho and Cho 2018). It became apparent that the growth-promoting effect of AGPs was related to intestinal microbiota when their administration failed to have any growth-promoting effects in germ-free animals; moreover, in germ-free animals, there were even negative effects instead of accelerated growth (Dibner and Richards 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model

Bajagai

Alsemgeest

Moore

et al. 2020

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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“…1 A wide body of knowledge demonstrates that the improper use of antimicrobials in human and especially veterinary medicine has dramatically affected the rise of antimicrobialresistant microorganisms in the environment. 2,3 Over the last number of years, the number of studies focusing on AMR has increased along with studies focusing on resistant bacteria from wild animals. 4,5 Indeed, a deeper knowledge on the role of different compartments in the maintenance and dissemination of resistance genes seems to be crucial to tackle the issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence Factors inEscherichia colifrom Sympatric Wildlife of the Apuan Alps Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy)

Turchi

Dec

Bertelloni

et al. 2019

Microbial Drug Resistance

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Today a growing number of studies are focusing on antibiotic resistance in wildlife. This is due to the potential role of wild animals as reservoirs and spreaders of pathogenic and resistant bacteria. This study focused on isolating and identifying Escherichia coli from the feces of wild animals living in the Apuan Alps Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy) and evaluating some of their antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity traits. Eighty-five fecal samples from different species were studied. Seventy-one E. coli were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis, subjected to antibiograms and polymerase chain reaction for the detection of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity factors. The highest resistance rates were found against cephalothin (39.4%) and ampicillin (33.8%), followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (15.5%), streptomycin (12.7%), and tetracycline (5.6%). Regarding resistance genes, 39.4% of the isolates were negative for all tested genes. The remaining isolates were positive for bla CMY-2 , sul2, strA-strB and aadA1, tet(B), and tet(A), encoding resistance to beta-lactams, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, and tetracycline, respectively. With regard to virulence factors, 63.4% of the isolates were negative for all genes; 21.1% carried astA alone, which is associated with different pathotypes, 9.9% carried both escV and eaeA (aEPEC); single isolates (1.4%) harbored escV (aEPEC), escV associated with astA and eaeA (aEPEC), astA with stx2 and hlyA (EHEC) or astA and stx1, stx2, and hlyA (EHEC). These results show that wildlife from nonanthropized environments can be a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and suggest the need for a deeper knowledge on their origin and diffusion mechanisms through different ecological niches.

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Entry Routes of Veterinary Antibiotics in the Environment

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

Impact on Public Health of the Spread of High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Enterococci

Impact on Public Health of the Spread of High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin and Vancomycin in Enterococci

Phytogenic products, used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, modify the intestinal microbiota derived from a range of production systems: an in vitro model

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Virulence Factors inEscherichia colifrom Sympatric Wildlife of the Apuan Alps Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy)

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