Envirnmental conditions prerequisite for complete limb regeneration in the postmetamorphic adult land‐phase salamander, <i>Ambystoma</i>

Young, Warren; Bailey, Claudia F.; Dalley, Bernell K.

doi:10.1002/ar.1092060307

Cited by 24 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Two hundred postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma (annulaturn, maculatum, texanum, and tigranurn) were obtained and housed as reported by Young et al (1983a). The salamanders were allowed to acclimate to these conditions for a period of 6 months.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining salamanders were also fixed for gross dissection. The 160 salamanders in the experimental population, consisting of 40 postmetamorphic adults of each species, were treated as follows: Four salamanders per species per putation of the forearm on one side while the opposite side underwent a sham operation and was designated as a control (Young et al, 1983a).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gross morphological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma

1983

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Due to the great disparity between regeneration times for the larval salamander (40 days), axolotl (30+ days), newt (44 days), and adult salamander (155 to 370 days), a staging system was devised so correlative comparisons could be made between regenerative model systems. The sequence was based on two criteria: 1) the stages should be similar to previously reported sequences for the newt, axolotl, and larval salamander, and 2) the stages must be readily recognizable by examination of the external morphology in the living state. Postmetamorphic adult land-phase Ambystoma were amputated through the forearm, placed within survival conditions, and observed until regeneration was completed. Of the initial 160 salamanders, 157 (98%) progressed through 11 clearly defined stages of regeneration. A side-by-side comparison of the staging sequence for land and aquatic phase urodeles is given along with a summary of key external morphological characteristics for the adult salamander. It was noted that as the length of time for regeneration decreased, the relative ratio of the nerves innervating the limb (spinal nerves 4, 5, and 6) increased for the four species of Ambystoma examined: A. annulatum, 324 to 370 days postamputation (dpa) with a 1:1:1 neural tissue ratio; A. maculatum, 255 to 300 dpa with a 2:2:1 ratio; A. texanum, 215 to 250 dpa with a 2:2:2 ratio; and A. tigranum, 155 to 180 dpa with a 2:3:3 ratio.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gross morphological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma

1983

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“…However, in reality, regenerative potential varies among species of a taxonomic group and probably also among individuals of a population. For example, some related adult salamanders of the genus Ambystoma regenerate limbs very quickly while others regenerate slowly [2], [3]. It has also been reported that some salamanders lose the ability to regenerate later in life, especially after metamorphosis, and that a few species have lost the ability to regenerate limbs altogether [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variation in Salamander Tail Regeneration Is Associated with Genetic Factors That Determine Tail Morphology

et al. 2013

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Very little is known about the factors that cause variation in regenerative potential within and between species. Here, we used a genetic approach to identify heritable genetic factors that explain variation in tail regenerative outgrowth. A hybrid ambystomatid salamander (Ambystoma mexicanum x A. andersoni) was crossed to an A. mexicanum and 217 offspring were induced to undergo metamorphosis and attain terrestrial adult morphology using thyroid hormone. Following metamorphosis, each salamander’s tail tip was amputated and allowed to regenerate, and then amputated a second time and allowed to regenerate. Also, DNA was isolated from all individuals and genotypes were determined for 187 molecular markers distributed throughout the genome. The area of tissue that regenerated after the first and second amputations was highly positively correlated across males and females. Males presented wider tails and regenerated more tail tissue during both episodes of regeneration. Approximately 66–68% of the variation in regenerative outgrowth was explained by tail width, while tail length and genetic sex did not explain a significant amount of variation. A small effect QTL was identified as having a sex-independent effect on tail regeneration, but this QTL was only identified for the first episode of regeneration. Several molecular markers significantly affected regenerative outgrowth during both episodes of regeneration, but the effect sizes were small (<4%) and correlated with tail width. The results show that ambysex and minor effect QTL explain variation in adult tail morphology and importantly, tail width. In turn, tail width at the amputation plane largely determines the rate of regenerative outgrowth. Because amputations in this study were made at approximately the same position of the tail, our results resolve an outstanding question in regenerative biology: regenerative outgrowth positively co-varies as a function of tail width at the amputation site.

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“…The remarkable regenerative capacity of salamanders has been known since first reported by Spallanzani in 1769 [77]. Regenerative studies have included phylogenetic, seasonal, and environmental analysis of limb regeneration [77]–[79]. Environmental factors that have been considered to affect regeneration include temperature, diet, photoperiod, parasitism, infection, and quality of terrestrial and aquatic microhabitats [79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regenerative studies have included phylogenetic, seasonal, and environmental analysis of limb regeneration [77]–[79]. Environmental factors that have been considered to affect regeneration include temperature, diet, photoperiod, parasitism, infection, and quality of terrestrial and aquatic microhabitats [79]. Human-induced alterations to the NFWR and surrounding landscape have resulted in changes to the physical-chemical properties of the NFWR, including nutrient-loading, introduction of estrogenic chemical levels, algal blooms, and a microbial content deemed unsafe for full body contact by state and federal agencies [43], [80], [81].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Microorganisms Cultured from Injured and Repressed Tissue Regeneration Sites in Endangered Giant Aquatic Ozark Hellbender Salamanders

et al. 2011

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Investigation into the causes underlying the rapid, global amphibian decline provides critical insight into the effects of changing ecosystems. Hypothesized and confirmed links between amphibian declines, disease, and environmental changes are increasingly represented in published literature. However, there are few long-term amphibian studies that include data on population size, abnormality/injury rates, disease, and habitat variables to adequately assess changes through time. We cultured and identified microorganisms isolated from abnormal/injured and repressed tissue regeneration sites of the endangered Ozark Hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis bishopi, to discover potential causative agents responsible for their significant decline in health and population. This organism and our study site were chosen because the population and habitat of C. a. bishopi have been intensively studied from 1969–2009, and the abnormality/injury rate and apparent lack of regeneration were established. Although many bacterial and fungal isolates recovered were common environmental organisms, several opportunistic pathogens were identified in association with only the injured tissues of C.a. bishopi. Bacterial isolates included Aeromonas hydrophila, a known amphibian pathogen, Granulicetella adiacens, Gordonai terrae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Aerococcus viridans, Streptococcus pneumoniae and a variety of Pseudomonads, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, and P. alcaligenes. Fungal isolates included species in the genera Penicillium, Acremonium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium, Streptomycetes, and the Class Hyphomycetes. Many of the opportunistic pathogens identified are known to form biofilms. Lack of isolation of the same organism from all wounds suggests that the etiological agent responsible for the damage to C. a. bishopi may not be a single organism. To our knowledge, this is the first study to profile the external microbial consortia cultured from a Cryptobranchid salamander. The incidence of abnormalities/injury and retarded regeneration in C. a. bishopi may have many contributing factors including disease and habitat degradation. Results from this study may provide insight into other amphibian population declines.

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Envirnmental conditions prerequisite for complete limb regeneration in the postmetamorphic adult land‐phase salamander, Ambystoma

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Gross morphological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma

Gross morphological analysis of limb regeneration in postmetamorphic adult Ambystoma

Variation in Salamander Tail Regeneration Is Associated with Genetic Factors That Determine Tail Morphology

Evaluation of Microorganisms Cultured from Injured and Repressed Tissue Regeneration Sites in Endangered Giant Aquatic Ozark Hellbender Salamanders

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