Fine particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) is an environmental pollutant in the atmosphere that is closely associated with asthma. Elderly patients have a high incidence of asthma with a long course of illness. Our previous studies revealed that exposure to PM2.5 reduces lung function and exacerbates lung damage in elderly rats. In the present study, we investigated whether PM2.5 exposure influences susceptibility to allergic asthma in elderly rats. Brown-Norway elderly rats were treated with ovalbumin (OVA) for different durations before and after PM2.5 exposure. The results from pulmonary function tests and histopathology revealed that early exposure to allergens prior to PM2.5 exposure increased susceptibility to airway hyperresponsiveness and led to severe lung injury in elderly asthmatic rats. Cytokine microarray analysis revealed that most cytokines and chemokines were upregulated in OVA-treated rats before and after PM2.5 exposure. Cytological analysis revealed that the number of EOS did not change, whereas the amounts of NEU, WBC, LYM, and MON in the lung lavage fluid of OVA-treated rats were significantly greater than those in the lung lavage fluid of control rats before and after PM2.5 exposure, suggesting that PM2.5 affects noneosinophilic asthma in elderly rats. ELISA results from the plasma and lung lavage fluid revealed that the levels of IgG1, IgE, IgG2a and IgG2b were significantly elevated in OVA-treated rats before and after PM2.5 exposure, whereas the level of IgG2b in the lung lavage fluid was significantly lower in those treated with OVA before PM2.5 exposure than in those after PM2.5 exposure. We performed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis of plasma and identified 202 metabolites. A total of 31 differentially abundant metabolites were screened, and 10 metabolites and 11 metabolic pathways were detected in only OVA-treated rats before PM2.5 exposure. Specifically, there were positive or negative correlations between the levels of Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and the levels of 6 metabolites in the OVA-treated group before PM2.5 exposure, whereas the levels of IL-4 and IL-5 were negatively correlated with the levels of 5 metabolites in the OVA-treated group after PM2.5 exposure. Our findings suggest that PM2.5 exposure could influence the susceptibility of allergic asthma in response to allergens in elderly rats, possibly through changes in plasma metabolites.