Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of Pesticides Primarily in the United States

Pimentel, David; Burgess, Michael

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7796-5_2

Cited by 172 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…[ 20 ] Pesticides have been linked to public health effects, development of pesticide resistance in pests, crop losses, bird mortality, groundwater contamination, and more. [ 21 ] Finally, irrigation practices can lead to groundwater depletion[ 22 ], water quality degradation, and competition for drinking water, among other impacts. [ 23 ] Despite this, research examining the complex relationships between diet quality, food waste, and environmental sustainability has not focused on these important measures, representing a fundamental gap in our understanding of food systems sustainability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability

et al. 2018

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Improving diet quality while simultaneously reducing environmental impact is a critical focus globally. Metrics linking diet quality and sustainability have typically focused on a limited suite of indicators, and have not included food waste. To address this important research gap, we examine the relationship between food waste, diet quality, nutrient waste, and multiple measures of sustainability: use of cropland, irrigation water, pesticides, and fertilizers. Data on food intake, food waste, and application rates of agricultural amendments were collected from diverse US government sources. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015. A biophysical simulation model was used to estimate the amount of cropland associated with wasted food. This analysis finds that US consumers wasted 422g of food per person daily, with 30 million acres of cropland used to produce this food every year. This accounts for 30% of daily calories available for consumption, one-quarter of daily food (by weight) available for consumption, and 7% of annual cropland acreage. Higher quality diets were associated with greater amounts of food waste and greater amounts of wasted irrigation water and pesticides, but less cropland waste. This is largely due to fruits and vegetables, which are health-promoting and require small amounts of cropland, but require substantial amounts of agricultural inputs. These results suggest that simultaneous efforts to improve diet quality and reduce food waste are necessary. Increasing consumers’ knowledge about how to prepare and store fruits and vegetables will be one of the practical solutions to reducing food waste.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability

et al. 2018

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“…Ease of application, effectiveness, and efficiency are common factors why farmers choose this conventional method. However, the excessive use of synthetic herbicides in weed control has led to many environmental problems including toxicity to non-target species, weed resistance, water and soil pollution, and human health issues [2]. Many researchers are now paying more attention to sustainable and friendly environmental control methods for minimizing the dependency on synthetic herbicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytotoxic effects of Cerbera manghas L. leaf extracts on seedling elongation of four monocot and four dicot test species

Bari

Kato‐Noguchi

2017

Acta Agrobot

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Exploration of allelochemicals with phytotoxic effects is intended to minimize a current dependency on synthetic herbicides in weed management. Several allelochemicals from the tropical tree Cerbera manghas (sea mango) have been reported as termiticides and bactericides. The present study investigated possible phytotoxic effects of C. manghas leaf extracts under laboratory conditions. Four monocots: barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli), foxtail fescue (Vulpia myuros), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), and timothy (Phleum pratense) and four dicots: alfalfa (Medicago sativa), garden cress (Lepidium sativum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and rapeseed (Brassica napus) were used as test species. Elongation of both shoots and roots of seedlings was measured to assess any phytotoxic effects. The results showed that the sensitivities of shoots and roots were different between the test species, and the inhibition of seedling elongation significantly increased with increasing concentration of leaf extracts of C. manghas for all the test species. The IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) values showed that 8.50–32.30 and 4.26–34.67 mg dry weight equivalent extract mL−1 of C. manghas inhibited seedling elongation by 50%, for shoots and roots respectively. Isolation and identification of the phytotoxic substances from C. manghas are suggested for future investigation.

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“…Chemical control of T. absoluta is difficult and requires frequent sprays due to its leaf-mining habit and high developmental and reproduction rates. Intensive pesticide use normally results in development of resistance to pesticides by the insect and reduction of natural enemies in the agroecosystem (Guedes & Siqueira, 2012), among other negative environmental and health effects (Pimentel & Burgess, 2014). This, together with consumer concern for pesticide residues on tomato fruit necessitates a search for other ways of controlling this pest, such as biological control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do nymphs and adults of three Neotropical zoophytophagous mirids damage leaves and fruits of tomato?

Silva

Bueno

Calvo³

et al. 2016

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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The predators Macrolophus basicornis (Stal), Engytatus varians (Distant) and Campyloneuropsis infumatus (Carvalho) consume large numbers of tomato pests such as Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). However, they are zoophytophagous and feed on plant parts as well. We evaluated the type and effect of injury caused by nymphs and adults of these mirids on tomato seedlings and fruit in the absence of prey. For each mirid species, seedlings were exposed to groups of 20 nymphs or adults for 72 h, and fruits were exposed for 48 h to groups of four nymphs or adults. Type and the number of injury on stems, petioles and leaflets of tomato seedlings and fruits were recorded after removal of insects. Nymphs and adults of these mirids caused necrotic rings on the leaflets, but no injury was observed on stem and petioles. The necrotic rings on leaflets consisted of blemishes, characterized by feeding punctures surrounded by a yellowish, bleached area. The number of necrotic rings did not exceed one per individual mirid and seedlings developed normally. Nymphs also caused feeding punctures on tomato fruit, but in even lower numbers than on leaflets. Two weeks after the start of the experiment the tomato fruit still looked fresh and feeding punctures had disappeared. Adults did not cause any injury to tomato fruit. The results indicate that nymphs and adults of these zoophytophagous mirids cause little injury to tomato seedlings and fruit, even when present in high densities and in the absence of prey, making them interesting candidates for biological control.

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Environmental and Economic Costs of the Application of Pesticides Primarily in the United States

Cited by 172 publications

References 31 publications

Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability

Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability

Phytotoxic effects of Cerbera manghas L. leaf extracts on seedling elongation of four monocot and four dicot test species

Do nymphs and adults of three Neotropical zoophytophagous mirids damage leaves and fruits of tomato?

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