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Cited by 6 publications
References 383 publications
Recent trends and challenges in applications of INTRODUCTIONAdequate and dependable fresh water resources are major issues confronting many nations worldwide (Maila, 2006;Goosen et al., 2011aGoosen et al., & 2011bHuang, 2010; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a Mahmoudi et al., & 2010b. With the world's energy demand increasing much research has been directed at overcoming these challenges and in particular in using renewable energy to help meet the power needs for water desalination (Huang, 2010; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a;Serpen et al., 2010). However, Goosen (2012) and Gottinger and Goosen (2012) argued that while development opens up and advances economies, and creates new wealth, millions are forced to struggle to make meaning of the darker side of development that is not environmentally sustainable. In the past, the world's ecosystems (i.e. air, land and water) were able to absorb the environmental damage resulting from extensive industrialization and development. Nevertheless, with the rapid increases in global population and industrialization, as well as enhanced demands on natural resources such as fresh water supplies, the earth is no longer able to sustain a healthy and balanced ecosystem (Laboy-Nieves, 2009; Laboy et al., 2009; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a Mahmoudi et al., , 2010b Misra, 2000). The sustainability of the society in which we live is determined not only by technical and economic progress, but also by environmental management (Abdulla et al., 2009; Gottinger and Goosen, 2012; Laboy et al., 2010; Maila, 2006). Sustainable development using more renewable energy sources, by improving energy efficiency and reducing water demand and waste production is now considered by many as being the model to follow (Goosen et al., 2004; Goosen, et al., 2009aGoosen, et al., , 2009b Misra, 2000). Elimelech and Philip (2011), for example, reported on the possible reductions in energy demand by desalination technologies, and the role of innovative technologies in improving the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages ( Figure 1). They argued that future research to improve the energy efficiency of desalination should focus on, for example, the pre-treatment and posttreatment stages of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants. Furthermore, Peñate & García-Rodríguez (2012a) presented a comprehensive review of the main innovations and future trends in the design of SWRO desalination technology with an emphasis on improving process performance and efficiency. They concluded that desalination with renewable energies is an attractive combination that will help to reduce stress on existing water supplies.The economic potential and environmental benefits of renewable energies, such as geothermal, solar, wave and wind, and their applications to reducing overall energy requirements have been described in a number of recent articles (Cataldi, et al., 1999;Huang, 2010;Goosen et al., 2011b; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a;Serpen et al., 2010;Stefansson, 2005)....
Recent trends and challenges in applications of INTRODUCTIONAdequate and dependable fresh water resources are major issues confronting many nations worldwide (Maila, 2006;Goosen et al., 2011aGoosen et al., & 2011bHuang, 2010; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a Mahmoudi et al., & 2010b. With the world's energy demand increasing much research has been directed at overcoming these challenges and in particular in using renewable energy to help meet the power needs for water desalination (Huang, 2010; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a;Serpen et al., 2010). However, Goosen (2012) and Gottinger and Goosen (2012) argued that while development opens up and advances economies, and creates new wealth, millions are forced to struggle to make meaning of the darker side of development that is not environmentally sustainable. In the past, the world's ecosystems (i.e. air, land and water) were able to absorb the environmental damage resulting from extensive industrialization and development. Nevertheless, with the rapid increases in global population and industrialization, as well as enhanced demands on natural resources such as fresh water supplies, the earth is no longer able to sustain a healthy and balanced ecosystem (Laboy-Nieves, 2009; Laboy et al., 2009; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a Mahmoudi et al., , 2010b Misra, 2000). The sustainability of the society in which we live is determined not only by technical and economic progress, but also by environmental management (Abdulla et al., 2009; Gottinger and Goosen, 2012; Laboy et al., 2010; Maila, 2006). Sustainable development using more renewable energy sources, by improving energy efficiency and reducing water demand and waste production is now considered by many as being the model to follow (Goosen et al., 2004; Goosen, et al., 2009aGoosen, et al., , 2009b Misra, 2000). Elimelech and Philip (2011), for example, reported on the possible reductions in energy demand by desalination technologies, and the role of innovative technologies in improving the sustainability of desalination as a technological solution to global water shortages ( Figure 1). They argued that future research to improve the energy efficiency of desalination should focus on, for example, the pre-treatment and posttreatment stages of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants. Furthermore, Peñate & García-Rodríguez (2012a) presented a comprehensive review of the main innovations and future trends in the design of SWRO desalination technology with an emphasis on improving process performance and efficiency. They concluded that desalination with renewable energies is an attractive combination that will help to reduce stress on existing water supplies.The economic potential and environmental benefits of renewable energies, such as geothermal, solar, wave and wind, and their applications to reducing overall energy requirements have been described in a number of recent articles (Cataldi, et al., 1999;Huang, 2010;Goosen et al., 2011b; Lund, 2007; Mahmoudi et al., 2010a;Serpen et al., 2010;Stefansson, 2005)....
Urban-rural difference in the lagged effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on COPD mortality in Chongqing, China
Background It is true that Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) will increase social burden, especially in developing countries. Urban-rural differences in the lagged effects of PM2.5 and PM10 on COPD mortality remain unclear, in Chongqing, China. Methods In this study, a distributed lag non-linear model (DLNMs) was established to describe the urban-rural differences in the lagged effects of PM2.5, PM10 and COPD mortality in Chongqing, using 312,917 deaths between 2015 and 2020. Results According to the DLNMs results, COPD mortality in Chongqing increases with increasing PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, and the relative risk (RR) of the overall 7-day cumulative effect is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. High values of RR in urban areas occurred at the beginning of exposure (Lag 0 ~ Lag 1). High values of RR in rural areas occur mainly during Lag 1 to Lag 2 and Lag 6 to Lag 7. Conclusion Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 is associated with an increased risk of COPD mortality in Chongqing, China. COPD mortality in urban areas has a high risk of increase in the initial phase of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure. There is a stronger lagging effect at high concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 exposure in rural areas, which may further exacerbate inequalities in levels of health and urbanization.
The overwhelming population growth in recent decades and water crisis along with limited and uneven geographical distribution of fresh water resources is a growing challenge for the economic and human development. Wastewater reclamation and use could be an alternative for intact water sources and a promising solution to water scarcity and unequal distribution. However, wastewater is a double-edged resource both as an accessible water source for food production and human usage and concurrently may carry uncharacterized content with unknown toxicological profile causing acute or long-term health risks. Pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, nanomaterials and their chemical decomposition derivatives found in wastewater are not well known in many cases. Their unknown toxicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity profile associated with lack of monitoring and control measures impose a significant hazard risk on the public health. This paper reviews the evidence on the health risks associated with the wastewater use for irrigated food production and the imposed risk on the end consumers mainly from pharmaceutical industry and related research facilities. Then, we suggest an applied framework for planning and policy-making to mitigate the health risks and optimally employ reclaimed wastewater for human purposes.
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