Environmental and Human Isolates of Vibrio Cholerae and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Produce a Shigella Dysenteriae 1 (Shiga)-Like Cytotoxin

O'Brien, Alison D.; Chen, MelindaE.; Holmes, R K; Kaper, James B.; Levine, M. M.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90006-0

Cited by 146 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…However, the factors or toxins responsible for cytotoxicity do not appear to be directly associated with human disease: strain C, which caused illness, was the least cytotoxic of the three challenge strains in the cell lines tested. Similarly, our data do not support the hypothesis that Shiga-like toxin (27) (37), providing further evidence that the hemolysin is not a critical virulence factor for humans.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Proposed virulence factors for non-0 1 V. cholerae have included toxins similar to cholera toxin (12,(20)(21)(22), the El Tor (23)(24)(25) and Kanagawa (26) hemolysins, a Shiga-like toxin (27), various cell-associated hemagglutinins (22,28), and a 17-amino acid, heat-stable enterotoxin (designated NAG-ST), which closely resembles the heat-stable toxin produced by enterotoxigenic strains ofEscherichia coli (26,(29)(30)(31). It has also been suggested that virulence is dependent on the ability of a non-0 1 V. cholerae strain to colonize the intestine, as demonstrated in rabbits using the removable intestinal tie-adult rabbit diarrhea (RITARD) model (32).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Experimental non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans.

Morris¹,

Takeda²,

Tall³

et al. 1990

J. Clin. Invest.

116

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In this study, 27 volunteers received one of three non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae strains in doses as high as 109 CFU. Only one strain (strain C) caused diarrhea: this strain was able to colonize the gastrointestinal tract, and produced a heat-stable enterotoxin (NAG-ST). Diarrhea was not seen with a strain (strain A) that colonized the intestine but did not produce NAG-ST, nor with a strain (strain B) that produced NAG-ST but did not colonize. Persons receiving strain C had diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Diarrheal stool volumes ranged from 154 to 5,397 ml; stool samples from the patient having 5,397 ml of diarrhea were tested and found to contain NAG-ST. The median incubation period for illness was 10 h. There was a suggestion that occurrence of diarrhea was dependent on inoculum size. Immune responses to homologous outer membrane proteins, lipopolysacchide, and whole-cell lysates were demonstrable with all three strains.Our data demonstrate that V. cholerae of 0 groups other than I are able to cause severe diarrheal disease. However, not all strains are pathogenic for humans: virulence of strain C may be dependent on its ability both to colonize the intestine and to produce a toxin such as NAG-ST. (J. Clin. Invest. 1990.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans.

Morris¹,

Takeda²,

Tall³

et al. 1990

J. Clin. Invest.

116

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Further doubt arises because SDT can be detected in nonpathogenic strains of E. coli (O'Brien et al, 1982;Cleary et al, 1985) and in bacteria possessing other potent enterotoxins, e.g., V . cholerae and ETEC strains (O'Brien et al, 1982;1984a). The role of SDT in EPEC disease is most likely to be resolved by feeding studies with toxigenic and non-toxigenic derivatives of EPEC strains.…”

Section: Cytotoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence factors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Law

1988

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Although the thermostable direct hemolysin which accounts for K+ activity has fluid-accumulating activity in the rabbit ileal loop (46), identification of thermostable direct hemolysin as the virulence factor is still unclear owing to its relatively low activity (21). Other biologically active toxins have been reported as possible virulence factors (21,36,40).…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrophoretic and chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Han

Chai

1992

J Bacteriol

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Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) isolated from three Kanagawa-positive and three negative strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were characterized by using electrophoretic, immunochemical, and chemical methods. The results of this study indicated that the LPSs of all six strains of V. parahaemolyticus examined did not have an 0-specific side chain. These V. parahaemolyticus LPSs appeared to have molecular weights similar to that of the rough-type (Ra) LPS of Salmonella typhimurium TV-119 and might just contain lipid A and a core region. However, the microheterogeneity of V. parahaemolyticus LPS observed was greater than that of S. typhimurium LPS. The profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS consisted of closely spaced triplet or quadruplet bands, but that of S. typhimurium consisted of doublet bands. Slower-moving bands appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels only when large amounts of V. parahaemolyticus LPS were loaded. These bands were proven to be the aggregates of the fastest-moving low-molecular-weight bands by re-electrophoresis. The banding pattern of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs produced on nitrocellulose membranes by immunoblotting indicated that the V. parahaemolyticus LPSs did not have an 0-specific side chain. The low ratio of total carbohydrate to lipid A of V. parahaemolyticus LPSs also suggested that they were like rough-type LPS. The mobility and profile of V. parahaemolyticus LPS on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gel and its chemical composition were closely related to the serotype of a specific strain but not with the Kanagawa phenomenon.Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative pathogen to humans and other creatures (47). Since it is an inhabitant of estuarine and coastal waters of the ocean (28), fresh seafood is often contaminated with this pathogen (41). Most gastroenteritis outbreaks resulting from seafood consumption are caused by V. parahaemolyticus (22). As seafood consumption is increasing in this country, it is becoming more and more important to understand this pathogen and its virulence factors. However, the virulence factors of pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus are still unknown and not all V. parahaemolyticus strains are pathogenic (23). Most (96.5%) of the pathogenic strains isolated from patients are able to lyse erythrocytes on blood agar medium containing 7% NaCl (44), i.e., they are Kanagawa positive (K+), but 99% of the strains isolated from natural environments do not have such hemolytic activity, i.e., they are Kanagawa negative (K-), and are usually nonpathogenic (23). Although the thermostable direct hemolysin which accounts for K+ activity has fluid-accumulating activity in the rabbit ileal loop (46), identification of thermostable direct hemolysin as the virulence factor is still unclear owing to its relatively low activity (21 Extraction of LPS. LPS was extracted from lyophilized cells by using the phenol-water method (45). This method had been demonstrated to be better than the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether method (13) fo...

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Environmental and Human Isolates of Vibrio Cholerae and Vibrio Parahaemolyticus Produce a Shigella Dysenteriae 1 (Shiga)-Like Cytotoxin

Cited by 146 publications

References 22 publications

Experimental non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans.

Experimental non-O group 1 Vibrio cholerae gastroenteritis in humans.

Virulence factors of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Electrophoretic and chemical characterization of lipopolysaccharides of Vibrio parahaemolyticus

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