Environmental and Population Studies Concerning Exposure to Pesticides in Iran: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Pesticides are widely used in Iranian agriculture and this has made a major toxicological concern among health professionals. The objective of this study is to explore national data about pesticides toxicity. All relevant databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus in a time period of 1960 to 2012 were searched for the keywords “Pesticides, Iran, Environment, and Population studies”. A total of 57 studies were found relevant and then included into study. Almost all non-experimental studies carried out in Iran were classified into two main categories of residue assessment in different samples and toxic effects on human. Depending on the dose and duration of exposure, toxic effects of pesticides have been studied in two classifications including acute toxicity or acute poisoning and chronic toxicity. High extent of pesticides have been used during the past decade in Iran while no enough proper studies were done to explore their possible toxic effects in the environment and the people.

Assessment of the Role of Total Antioxidant Capacity and Troponin I as Possible Predictors for Phosphides -Induced Cardiotoxicity

“…Kalawat et al (2016) found that troponin I was elevated in 26% of studied patients after acute ALP toxicity and related this to myocardial damage by echocardiography not ECG changes. Mostafalou et al (2013) and Hakimoğlu et al (2015) are against our study as they reported that elevation of different cardiac enzymes such as CK-MB or troponin T (Tn T) levels could approve cardiotoxicity and indicate mortality but their absence couldn't exclude cardiotoxicity after acute phosphides exposure.…”

“…The present study showed negative correlation between TAC and pulse. Anand et al (2011) and Mostafalou et al (2013) found that ALP toxicity caused tachycardia, decrease in catalase enzyme (antioxidant enzyme) but increase in superoxide dismutase (indicator of oxidative stress) among studied patients. Shakeri and Mehrpour (2015) study is against our findings as they found that ALP exposure caused bradycardia with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in experimental rats.…”

“…As regard ST-T changes, elevated ST segment observed in 3.2% of studied patients, depressed ST segment in 2.7%, inverted T wave in 10.6%and tall T wave 3.2%. Mostafalou et al (2013); Mehrpour et al(2012) and Singh et al (2014) stated that ST segment changes after ALP toxicity indicated myocardial infarction. Mohan et al (2016) and Taghaddosinejad et al (2016) explained ECG ischemic changes with metal phosphides by phosphine gas induced oxidative stress which results in production of oxygen free radicles and lipid peroxidation.…”

Assessment of Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as an Adjuvant Therapy in Acute Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning: A randomized Controlled Trial

“…It is commonly used for protection of stored grains in Asian and African countries. Because of its wide availability and free accessibility, it is commonly used in suicide attempts in some countries such as Iran, India, Morocco and Egypt (El-Naggar and El-Mahdy, 2011;Mostafalou et al, 2013).…”

Hypoglycemia and revisable ST-elevation induced by Movento

“…Pesticides are some of the most important agents detected for poisoning and death in Iran through past decades. [2] Although M100 has been approved by agricultural institute of Iran for application in filed since 2012, we could not find any case report of M100 or STM poisoning in literature. We reported a case of M100 poisoning with hypoglycemia and revisable ST-elevation.…”