Environmental and Recreational Hazards Associated with Adventure Travel

Zell, Steven C.

doi:10.1111/j.1708-8305.1997.tb00787.x

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Hultgen (1997), Zafren (2000,) and Pollard and Murdoch (1997) state that overexertion (e.g., climbing too fast or carrying heavy objects) may cause mountain sickness. Smoking may impair acclimatization (Hultgren, 1997;Zell, 1997) and increase the incidence of frostbite (Zell, 1997). Smoking may impair acclimatization (Hultgren, 1997;Zell, 1997) and increase the incidence of frostbite (Zell, 1997).…”

Section: Health Issues In High Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

“…McGuiness (1993) and McCue (1991) encourage tourists to do physical exercise several weeks before going for a holiday. Experienced wilderness tourists carry a minimum of survival items with them at all times (Zell, 1997), even if they trek with a commercial company (McCue, 1991). King (1992) states that adequate amounts of physical exercise have a key place among strategies to prevent diseases, musculoskeletal weakening, and reduce stress, mild anxiety, and depression.…”

Section: Travel Anticipationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Tourist and Health Issues, With Particular Reference to Tibet

Musa

Higham

Hall

2003

Tourism Review International

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Despite the common beliefs that travel provides positive benefits to health, a considerable number of tourists experience ailments abroad. Tourism and health remain a neglected area in tourism research, and in high-altitude destinations it is nonexistent. This study explores the holistic concept of the travel health experience among foreign tourists in Tibet. A sample of 340 tourists who had visited Tibet responded to a survey that was administered employing convenience sampling in the Kathmandu Valley. The results showed, despite comprehensive pretravel anticipation among visitors to Tibet, the majority (9 out of 10) experienced some form of health ailments. The most common ailments were mountain sickness symptoms, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms. The study also found several significant connections between the incidence of health ailments and travel motivation, level of knowledge and education, fitness level, and pretravel preparation. The study suggests that visitor education should be more holistic in its approach by considering all the possible factors that contribute to sickness in high altitude. The Tibet tourism authorities should provide a better health infrastructure and facilities as well as put special emphasis on educating the high-risk group of tourists. While tourism development in Tibet remains a low priority this is unlikely to take place, in which case travel agents or governments in tourist-generating countries may need to assume a greater role in providing critical health information for visitors to highaltitude destinations such as Tibet. explored based on medical literature. This is followed by a brief description of the travel anticipation phase of the visitor experience and its relevance to the field of tourist health in high-altitude destinations. The need for a study on tourism and health in a highaltitude environment, in this case Tibet, emerges

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Section: Health Issues In High Altitudementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Travel Anticipationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Tourist and Health Issues, With Particular Reference to Tibet

Musa

Higham

Hall

2003

Tourism Review International

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“…Under wet and freezing conditions, leaders are the first individuals to go outdoors and the last to come indoors, the first to become wet and the last to dry off, endure the most wind chill and spend the most time outdoors during the cooler parts of the day (i.e. mornings and evenings) [21,22]. Moreover, these environmentally stressful expeditions may last for up to 5-hours and offer little to no shelter from the elements during that time, compounding stress with duration [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Task-dependent cold stress during expeditions in Antarctic environments

Morris

Pilcher

Powell

2017

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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This study seeks to understand the degree of body cooling, cold perception and physical discomfort during Antarctic tour excursions.Eight experienced expedition leaders across three Antarctic cruise voyages were monitored during occupational tasks: kayaking, snorkelling and zodiac outings. Subjective cold perception and discomfort were recorded using a thermal comfort assessment and skin temperature was recorded using a portable data logger. Indoor cabin temperature and outdoor temperature with wind velocity were used as measures of environmental stress. Physical activity level and clothing insulation were estimated using previous literature.Tour leaders experienced a 6°C (2°C wind chill) environment for an average of 6 hours each day. Leaders involved in kayaking reported feeling colder and more uncomfortable than other leaders, but zodiac leaders showed greater skin temperature cooling. Occupational experience did not predict body cooling or cold stress perception.These findings indicate that occupational cold stress varies by activity and measurement methodology. The current study effectively used objective and subjective measures of cold-stress to identify factors which can contribute to risk in the Antarctic tourism industry. Results suggest that the type of activity may moderate risk of hypothermia, but not discomfort, potentially putting individuals at risk for cognitive related mistakes and cold injuries.

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“…Additionally, there may be the risk of the more esoteric infections related to ‘tropical travel’. Fear of infection is common among those visiting a developing country for the first time, although, in practice, the morbidity from trauma, especially road traffic accidents, may well exceed that from tropical and infectious disease [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection on expeditions

Miller

1999

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Environmental and Recreational Hazards Associated with Adventure Travel

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

A Review of Tourist and Health Issues, With Particular Reference to Tibet

A Review of Tourist and Health Issues, With Particular Reference to Tibet

Task-dependent cold stress during expeditions in Antarctic environments

Infection on expeditions

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