Environmental Aspects of Adhesives—Emission of Formaldehyde

doi:10.1002/9781119605584.ch13

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These adhesives gradually took over the market and are currently estimated to account for approx. 95% of all adhesives applied in the wood-based materials industry [ 5 , 6 ]. Therefore, considering their dominant market share and the growing requirements in terms of the performance of wood-based materials, studies on the possibility of their enhancement are still the subject of numerous scientific works conducted worldwide [ 7 , 8 , 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Isocyanate Content in PF/pMDI Adhesive for the Production of High-Performing Particleboards

Kawalerczyk,

Dukarska,

Barczewski

et al. 2023

Polymers

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Due to the fact that impregnation with fire retardant usually reduces the strength of the produced particleboards, this research was carried out to investigate whether it is possible to use phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resin modified using various amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of polymeric 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (pMDI) for this purpose. The need to optimize the addition of pMDI is particularly important due to health and environmental aspects and high price. Furthermore, the curing process of hybrid resins is still not fully explained, especially in the case of small loadings. Manufactured particleboards differed in the share of impregnated particles (50% and 100%). The mixture of potassium carbonate and urea was used as the impregnating solution. Based on the outcomes of hybrid resins properties, it was found that the addition of pMDI leads to the increase in solid content, pH, and viscosity of the mixtures, to the improvement in resin reactivity determined using differential scanning calorimetry and to the decrease in thermal stability in the cured state evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, particleboard property results have shown that using impregnated particles (both 50% and 100%) decreased the strength of manufactured boards bonded using neat PF resin. However, the introduction of pMDI allowed us to compensate for the negative impact of fire-retardant-treated wood and it was found that the optimal loading of pMDI for the board containing 50% of impregnated particles is 5% and for board made entirely of treated wood it is 10%.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization of Isocyanate Content in PF/pMDI Adhesive for the Production of High-Performing Particleboards

Kawalerczyk,

Dukarska,

Barczewski

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…However, the major challenge associated with synthetic adhesives is the emissions of toxic substances including formaldehyde during manufacture and use [6]. Recent years have witnessed an increase in global public sensitivity and awareness about health and environmental concerns [7]. Over time, stricter laws setting new toxic emissions limits for wood panels have been implemented [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over time, stricter laws setting new toxic emissions limits for wood panels have been implemented [8,9]. These are incorporated into standards in the United States, Japan, and Europe [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

Oni,

Lawrence,

Zappi

et al. 2023

Sustainability

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The health risks associated with formaldehyde have propelled relevant stakeholders to push for the production of non-toxic wood adhesives. Several countries including the USA, Japan, and Germany have implemented policies mandating manufacturers to reduce the emissions of formaldehyde to lower levels. Protein adhesives stand out due to their sustainability, renewable sources, and biodegradability. However, they are limited by poor wet strength and water resistance, which affect their wide acceptability in the marketplace. Researchers have developed multiple strategies to mitigate these issues to advance protein adhesives so they may compete more favorably with their petroleum-based counterparts. This review paper explores these strategies including cross-linking, modified fillers, and the removal of hydrophilic content while providing insights into the methodological approaches utilized in recent literature with a comparison of the resultant protein adhesives.

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“…Consequently, most of the industrially used wood adhesives are made from fossilderived polymers; conventional adhesives are contingent on four major synthetic thermosetting resins: PF (-alkaline catalyst salt), UF (-acidic catalyst salt), MF, and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI) resin [2][3][4][5][6]. Currently, the wood panel industry uses almost 95% of synthetic petroleum-derived thermosetting adhesives, mainly based on urea, phenol, and melamine, among others [7][8][9][10]. For example, pressed wood products, such as wood-based particleboard and medium density fiberboards (MDF), and oriented strand board (OSB) are made using UF-based resins [9,11,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances on the Development of Protein-Based Adhesives for Wood Composite Materials—A Review

et al. 2021

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The industrial market depends intensely on wood-based composites for buildings, furniture, and construction, involving significant developments in wood glues since 80% of wood-based products use adhesives. Although biobased glues have been used for many years, notably proteins, they were replaced by synthetic ones at the beginning of the 20th century, mainly due to their better moisture resistance. Currently, most wood adhesives are based on petroleum-derived products, especially formaldehyde resins commonly used in the particleboard industry due to their high adhesive performance. However, formaldehyde has been subjected to strong regulation, and projections aim for further restrictions within wood-based panels from the European market, due to its harmful emissions. From this perspective, concerns about environmental footprint and the toxicity of these formulations have prompted researchers to re-investigate the utilization of biobased materials to formulate safer alternatives. In this regard, proteins have sparked a new and growing interest in the potential development of industrial adhesives for wood due to their advantages, such as lower toxicity, renewable sourcing, and reduced environmental footprint. This work presents the recent developments in the use of proteins to formulate new wood adhesives. Herein, it includes the historical development of wood adhesives, adhesion mechanism, and the current hotspots and recent progress of potential proteinaceous feedstock resources for adhesive preparation.

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Environmental Aspects of Adhesives—Emission of Formaldehyde

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Optimization of Isocyanate Content in PF/pMDI Adhesive for the Production of High-Performing Particleboards

Optimization of Isocyanate Content in PF/pMDI Adhesive for the Production of High-Performing Particleboards

A Review of Strategies to Enhance the Water Resistance of Green Wood Adhesives Produced from Sustainable Protein Sources

Recent Advances on the Development of Protein-Based Adhesives for Wood Composite Materials—A Review

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