Environmental burden of fungicide application among cocoa farmers in Ondo state, Nigeria

Sowunmi, Fatai Abiola; Famuyiwa, Grace Taiwo; Oluyole, K. A.; Aroyeun, Shamsideen Olusegun; Obasoro, O A

doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00207

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The state comprises 18 Local Government Areas (LGAs) with a projected population of 4.6 million inhabitants (NBS, 2017). The favourable geographical location and climatic condition make the state a veritable agricultural zone for the cultivation of cocoa (Sowunmi et al, 2019;Tenkap and Balogun, 2020). Foods as well as other cash crops are cultivated by farmers all through the state for both personal consumption and commercial sales.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Profitability and Utilization of Farmer Business School Extension Approach on Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria

Adetarami¹,

Olagunju²,

Oyebamiji³

et al. 2022

SJA

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C ocoa, Theobroma cacao, is indigenous to South and Central America's intense tropical areas (Tenkap and Balogun, 2020;Afolayan, 2020). In reference to total global production, Africa is expected to remain the largest cocoa producing continent, accounting for 77% of world cocoa output. The shares of the Amer-icas and Asia and Oceania are likely to be 17% and 6% respectively (ICCO, 2021). Thus, as compared to African countries that accounted for the two-third of world cocoa production, South and Central American countries produce just around 14% of world's current cocoa production (FAOSTAT, 2018). The world cocoa production is estimated to be about 5.024 million tonnes in the year 2020/21 season (ICCO, 2021).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other crops grown include kolanut, palm produce, citrus, cashew, timber, rubber cowpea, plantain, cassava, soya beans and yam (Oke et al, 2020). The region of Ondo State generates the most cocoa in Nigeria (Sowunmi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profitability and Utilization of Farmer Business School Extension Approach on Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria

Adetarami¹,

Olagunju²,

Oyebamiji³

et al. 2022

SJA

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“…The most common active ingredient of fungicide is sulphur [27], which is available in CNS as a form of SO3 for 4.78%. Moreover, 0.31% copper in the CNS is an essential ingredient for fungicides to control plant disease [28]. Phytophthora spp.…”

Section: Crop Protection Applicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An overview of cocoa nibs shell waste potential to achieve sustainable agriculture

Izzah,

Brugman,

Baladraf

et al. 2023

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Around 40 cocoa industries were established in Indonesia, and about 400 thousand kg of cacao beans were used for end-product. Deforestation decreases the productivity of cocoa beans and increases greenhouse gas emissions. Besides, 80% of cocoa fruit also consists of pod, shell, and pulp, contributing to residual biomass increment in cocoa industries. Research on cocoa biomass potencies has been carried out in cocoa plantations and the cocoa industry. Cocoa shells have several chemical compounds that benefit agriculture products and environments, such as minerals and nutritional compositions. Cocoa Nibs Shell (CNS), one of the by-products of cocoa processing, wastes about 13% of its production. Therefore, this research aims to give an overview and determine the potential use of CNS waste in agriculture by analyzing the bioactive compound in CNS to add more value to cocoa waste and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the waste. The authors used X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to identify the bioactive compound in CNS. Subsequently, several bioactive compounds found in the XRF assay were P2O5, SO3, K2O, TiO2, MnO, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, ZnO, Rb2O, SrO, BaO, Yb2O3, Re2O7. These bioactive compounds have a positive benefit in agriculture. MnO and Fe2O compounds are essential for fertilizer application. P2O5 and SO3 have potential benefits in crop protection. Moreover, CNS has a great characterization which is potential for biochar and bio-adsorbent on water irrigation treatment since it has carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. Those potencies are also essential to reduce industrial waste in cocoa and to achieve sustainability.

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“…17 This was attributed to socioeconomic factors such as experience, age, education status, income or farm size. 18,19 However, pesticide safety problem among cocoa farmers in developing countries especially in Nigeria cannot be solely attributed to these factors. It was noted that farmers' interactions with stakeholders in supply chain are key to influencing pesticide safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using the Socio-Ecological Model to Frame the Influence of Stakeholders on Cocoa Farmers’ Pesticide Safety in Nigeria: Findings from a Qualitative Study

Oludoye¹,

Robson²,

Siriwong³

2021

RMHP

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Purpose The aim of this study was to explore the roles of stakeholders on cocoa farmers’ safe pesticide use in Nigeria using the socio-ecological model as the theoretical framework. Methods This was a cross-sectional qualitative study where participants were purposefully selected based on some criteria. Then, they were interviewed in-depth using a semi-structured interview approach. The interview guide was designed based on other literature and the study objectives. The interview transcripts were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the content analysis technique. Results In all, 57 participants were involved in the interview process across all the study locations. Five layers of influence (cocoa farmers, pesticide retailers, extension officers, pesticide importers and government agencies) were considered. At individual level, cocoa farmers complained about lack of information from other stakeholders regarding pesticide use except retailers due to the farmers’ proximity to their stores. However, pesticide safety information from the retailers were found to be inadequate due to their interest in financial gains rather than a focus on human health and the environment. Additionally, most retailers had no understanding about the characteristics of products they sold as they could not read pesticide labels. Furthermore, lack of motivations, human resources and facilities hindered effective extension education in the rural communities. Also, pesticide importers took efforts to train the farmers within their network, but majority of these trainings focused on lead farmers who were expected to disseminate the information to others. Besides, the agencies did organize training or workshop sometimes, but it was inadequate due to budget constraint. Lastly, environmental or agri-policies relating to Nigerian cocoa farmers concerning safe pesticide use and disposal were also inadequate. Conclusion Generally, there was a large information gap with respect to pesticide safety between cocoa farmers and other stakeholders which undermined pesticide use safety. This study highlighted the need for government agencies in Nigeria to develop mechanisms to monitor information exchange among other stakeholders and cocoa farmers with respect to safe pesticide use and disposal.

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Environmental burden of fungicide application among cocoa farmers in Ondo state, Nigeria

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Profitability and Utilization of Farmer Business School Extension Approach on Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria

Profitability and Utilization of Farmer Business School Extension Approach on Smallholder Cocoa Farmers in Nigeria

An overview of cocoa nibs shell waste potential to achieve sustainable agriculture

Using the Socio-Ecological Model to Frame the Influence of Stakeholders on Cocoa Farmers’ Pesticide Safety in Nigeria: Findings from a Qualitative Study

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