Environmental Conditions Modulate the Transcriptomic Response of Both Caulobacter crescentus Morphotypes to Cu Stress

Abstract

Bacteria encounter elevated copper (Cu) concentrations in multiple environments, varying from mining wastes to antimicrobial applications of copper. As the role of the environment in the bacterial response to Cu ion exposure remains elusive, we used a tagRNA-seq approach to elucidate the disparate responses of two morphotypes of Caulobacter crescentus NA1000 to moderate Cu stress in a complex rich (PYE) medium and a defined poor (M2G) medium. The transcriptome was more responsive in M2G, where we observed an extensive oxidative stress response and reconfiguration of the proteome, as well as the induction of metal resistance clusters. In PYE, little evidence was found for an oxidative stress response, but several transport systems were differentially expressed, and an increased need for histidine was apparent. These results show that the Cu stress response is strongly dependent on the cellular environment. In addition, induction of the extracytoplasmic function sigma factor SigF and its regulon was shared by the Cu stress responses in both media, and its central role was confirmed by the phenotypic screening of a sigF::Tn5 mutant. In both media, stalked cells were more responsive to Cu stress than swarmer cells, and a stronger basal expression of several cell protection systems was noted, indicating that the swarmer cell is inherently more Cu resistant. Our approach also allowed for detecting several new transcription start sites, putatively indicating small regulatory RNAs, and additional levels of Cu-responsive regulation.

A cytoplasmic chemoreceptor and Reactive Oxygen Species mediate bacterial chemotaxis to copper

“…S1B ). These findings are reinforced by the differential expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response upon Cu stress, including those encoding the catalase KatG (CCNA_03138) and the superoxide dismutases SodA (CCNA_03672) and SodB (CCNA_01855) [4]. Together these data argue for the rapid generation of an oxidative stress in SW cells exposed to Cu.…”

A widespread family of ribosomal peptide metallophores involved in bacterial adaptation to metal stress

“…Bufferins are involved in adaptation to copper stress. In C. vibrioides, buf1 and buf2 BGCs belong to the SigF-controlled, core regulon of copper stress 12,14,31 . To test if they could be upregulated by other biologically relevant transition metals, we generated reporter fusions within bufA1 and bufA2 and confirmed that both are induced by Cu 2+ but not Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ or Mn 2+ (Fig.…”

“…S1). The latter operons are up-regulated upon exposure to transition metals, notably copper [11][12][13][14] . In particular, the C. vibrioides operon is part of the few genes induced by copper in both swarmer and stalked cells 14 .…”

“…The latter operons are up-regulated upon exposure to transition metals, notably copper [11][12][13][14] . In particular, the C. vibrioides operon is part of the few genes induced by copper in both swarmer and stalked cells 14 . Although these data suggest a role for gig-like genes in copper stress response, the nature and the function of produced molecules has remained a mystery.…”

“…1A). These operons except for that of B. pertussis are up-regulated upon exposure to transition metals, notably copper (16)(17)(18)(19). Although these data suggest a role for gig-like genes in copper stress response, the function and the nature of derived biomolecules have remained a mystery.…”