Environmental cost of distribution transformer losses

Georgilakis, Pavlos S.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.021

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…A popularidade do óleo mineral, oriundo do petróleo se deve, nesta aplicação, à disponibilidade, ao baixo custo e às suas excelentes propriedades dielétricas e refrigerantes (Georgilakis, 2011). A partir do século 20 surgiram vários problemas de segurança ambiental (Ribeiro, 2010;Carioca et al, 2010;Mariano et al, 2008), com o desenvolvimento dos fluidos dielétricos de origem mineral (Life et al, 2010;Kwofie et al, 2011), tornando extremamente atrativo e importante o uso de produtos com alta biodegrabilidade (Meshram et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Caracterização físico-química e dielétrica de óleos biodegradáveis para transformadores elétricos

Silva

Carvalho²,

Conrado³

et al. 2012

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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R ESU M OO óleo mineral, originário do petróleo, é o fluido isolante tradicionalmente utilizado em transformadores elétricos. Diante do apelo por fontes de energia limpa e renovável o setor elétrico também é pressionado a apresentar alternativas ao fluido de origem fóssil. Neste estudo, óleos de algodão, babaçu, girassol, milho e soja, foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial para utilização como fluido dielétrico. As propriedades avaliadas foram densidade, viscosidade, acidez, tensão de ruptura, fator de perda, teor de água e corrosividade. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados aos limites estabelecidos na NBR 15422. Os óleos vegetais apresentaram densidade e viscosidade dentro dos limites recomendados; além disso, não se mostraram corrosivos mas devem ser submetidos a tratamentos específicos que os conduzam a atender outras especificações; o tratamento dos óleos com solução de hidróxido de sódio diminuiu a acidez, melhorou a tensão de ruptura e diminuiu o fator de perda. Palavras-chave: óleo mineral, óleo isolante vegetal, transformadorPhysico-chemical and dielectric characterization of biodegradable oils for electric transformers A B ST R A C T The mineral oil, originated from petroleum, is the insulating fluid traditionally used in electrical transformers. Responding to appeals for clean and renewable energy sources, the electrical sector is also under pressure to present alternatives to the fluid of fossil origin. In this study, cotton, `babassu', sunflower, corn and soybean oils were evaluated for their potential of utilization as a dielectric fluid. The properties investigated were density, viscosity, acidity, breakdown voltage, loss factor, water content and corrosivity. The results were compared with the values of the limits established in NBR 15422. Vegetable oils showed density and viscosity within the limits set by standard, however, higher than those presented by the studied mineral oil. It was found that vegetable oils have to pass through improvements to meet other specifications required. The treatment of oils with sodium hydroxide solution reduced the acidity, improved the breakdown voltage thereby lowering the loss factor.

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Section: Introductionunclassified

Caracterização físico-química e dielétrica de óleos biodegradáveis para transformadores elétricos

Silva

Carvalho²,

Conrado³

et al. 2012

Rev. bras. eng. agríc. ambient.

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“…The load losses are associated with the losses in conductors, its value depends on the specific current flow that is fixed by the load index, C, and the losses produced in the short-circuit test, P sc , Equation (3). In this way, power losses can be expressed according to Equation (4).…”

Section: Efficiency and Losses Of Power Transformersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objective of using these machines is to minimize the losses in the transmission and distribution of electricity, and they do it by increasing the voltage in different stages. The optimization of distribution transformers is one of the key points for reducing network losses [3], which have not only technical but also economic and environmental implications [4]. Table 2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Optimal Connection of Power Transformers in the Substations of a Hospital

et al. 2018

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Transformers are installed in power distribution systems to perform changes in supply voltage. Large consumers often have several transformers installed in parallel to ensure continuity of supply in the event of failure. These machines can achieve very high efficiency, but their efficiency is not constant since it depends on the power demanded at each time. Therefore, the level of efficiency that correspond to the operation of a specific transformer depends on two factors: machine technical characteristics and electrical load. In this work, the authors have proposed a methodology which shows the optimal number of transformers to be connected at each period in the substations of a large Spanish hospital, in order to achieve the maximum seasonal efficiency of these machines. The results of the energy saving are determined with respect to the current situation, in which all the transformers are permanently connected. On the other hand, the European Union has established a new regulation that sets the minimum energy efficiency requirements for new power transformers. This efficiency improvement is proposed to be applied gradually in two stages, a first limit came into force in 2015, while a more restrictive approach will appear in the year 2021. This work has also studied the potential energy savings that would occur when the substations of the hospital have more efficient transformers complying with the new European Regulation 548/2014.

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“…The technique of capitalisation of the losses is used generally to take the economic aspects into consideration [7]. Because of the complexity and a lot of uncertainty in this task, several theories have been proposed to explain the capitalisation factors in the literature [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Cooling Equipment on the Key Design Parameters of a Core–Form Power Transformer

Orosz

Tamus

2016

Journal of Electrical Engineering

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The first step in the transformer design process is to find the active part's key design parameters. This is a non-linear mathematical optimisation task, which becomes more complex if the economic conditions are considered by the capitalisation of the losses. Geometric programming combined with the method of branch and bound can be an effective and accurate tool for this task even in the case of core-form power transformers, when formulating the short-circuit impedance in the required form is problematic. Most of the preliminary design methods consider only the active part of the transformer and the capitalised costs in order to determine the optimal key design parameters. In this paper, an extension of this meta-heuristic transformer optimisation model, which takes the cost of the insulating oil and the cooling equipment into consideration, is presented. Moreover, the impact of the new variables on the optimal key design parameters of a transformer design is examined and compared with the previous algorithm in two different economic scenarios. Significant difference can be found between the optimal set of key-design parameters if these new factors are considered.

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Environmental cost of distribution transformer losses

Cited by 39 publications

References 23 publications

Caracterização físico-química e dielétrica de óleos biodegradáveis para transformadores elétricos

Caracterização físico-química e dielétrica de óleos biodegradáveis para transformadores elétricos

Evaluation of the Optimal Connection of Power Transformers in the Substations of a Hospital

Impact of the Cooling Equipment on the Key Design Parameters of a Core–Form Power Transformer

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