Environmental Costs Account: A Base for Measuring Sustainability in Transport Plans

Abstract

Each city need to develop sustainable transport plans according to its future developments. This means identifying the best policy package of transport measures that could produce more sustainable future scenarios: lowest environmental impact, but also better social standards and at minimum cost. To that end, it is necessary to measure the environmental and social costs of each alternative transport mode. This paper proposes a methodology to calculate those costs in different city contexts: city centre and metropolitan suburbs. It provides a measure of the following environmental costs: pollution, noise, green house gasses and land taken. Then the social costs as congestion and accident costs. These two cost categories are calculated for each mean of transport: metro, bus, private car and taxi. The methodology has been applied to Madrid Region through modeling its mobility demand in 2004. The outputs are costs per passenger-km in each mode and Area: city centre and metropolitan ring. Therefore it is possible to assign monetary costs to environmental and social costs of each transport option; for example, car environmental costs are four times higher than buses on average, but it differs a lot from city centre to outskirt areas. Finally, some guidelines can be extracted to develop a more sustainable transport policy for Madrid Region. Assessment of environmental costs in urban areasAchieving sustainable mobility in urban areas means to reconcile environmental protection with social well-being and economic development. These targets include reducing the negative impacts from transport, including pollution, noise and congestion, while ensuring affordable, accessible

Optimal and Long-Term Dynamic Transport Policy Design: Seeking Maximum Social Welfare through a Pricing Scheme

“…This is the disaggregated function for the transport users. The value of time assumed was 10.45 4=h for commuting trips and 5.70 4=h for other trips (Monzón, Fernandez, and Jordá, 2008). Equation (3) shows the value of net benefits to operators, including PT fares and toll and parking charges, calculated over a 30-year time period, but ignoring initial infrastructure costs.…”

Evolution of Costs in the Activity of a Transport Company Operating Within the European Union

“…disposing of capital is crucial to your business. (Greene et al, 1997;Bąk, 2009;Bien, 2002;Friedrich et al, 2011;Hanssen et al, 2012;Monzon et al, 2008) Thus, the problem of transport costs in leading a transport enterprise is a very important element. (Kozlak, 2008;Twarog, 2003;Łukasik & Olszanska, 2016;Maibach et al, 2008;Kovacs & Guban, 2017;Takeshita & Takayuki, 2010) From this it follows that the constant pursuit of broadening the profile and scope of business, as well as seeking optimal sources of development enabling it to expand, is for managers of transport companies an inherent development factor of an enterprise.…”