Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock

Halley, Bruce A.; Vandenheuvel, W.J.A.; Wislocki, Peter G.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(93)90149-h

Cited by 183 publications

(129 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Daphnids and fish appear to be sensitive to the macrocyclic lactones (48- (33,36). In contrast, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) appear to be sensitive to many of the antimicrobial groups.…”

Section: What Are Their Effects?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Reviewed: Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?

Boxall¹,

Kolpin²,

Halling-Sørensen³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

735

372

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Section: What Are Their Effects?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peer Reviewed: Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?

Boxall¹,

Kolpin²,

Halling-Sørensen³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

735

372

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“…At present, the use of drugs to control these parasitic arthropods presents several problems including drugresistance 4,5) and environmental damage. 6,7) Ivermectin ( Fig. 1), a clinically used acaricide, is increasingly being used to treat human scabies but often treatment failures, recrudescence and reinfection can occur.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-ium Bromides and Their <i>in Vitro</i> Acaricidal Activity against <i>Psoroptes cuniculi</i>

Yang

Pan

et al. 2013

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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By employing sanguinarine, a natural active quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid, as a model molecule, a series of structurally simple quaternary 2-aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-ium compounds were designed and synthesized and evaluated for in vitro acaricidal activity against P. cuniculi. A new approach towards the title compounds was developed with isochroman as starting material. The results showed that 22 of 24 tested compounds displayed the activity in varying degrees at 0.4 mg/mL. Fourteen compounds were significantly more effective than ivermectin, a standard acaricide, and 6-methoxy dihydrosanguinarine, a derivative of sanguinarine (p<0.05). And their comprehensive relative activity was 1.4 to 16.5 times than that of ivermectin and 1.5 to 18.8 times than that of 6-methoxy dihydrosanguinarine. The structure-activity relationship indicated that the introduction of a substituent to N-benzene ring, especially halogen atom and trifluoromethyl group, led to great improvement of the activity. The position of fluorine atom, methyl group and hydroxyl group made very significant effects on the activity. It was concluded that 2-aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-iums are very promising candidates for the development of new isoquinoline acaricidal agents.Key words acaricidal activity; Psoroptes cuniculi; 2-aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-ium; 6-methoxy dihydrosanguinarine; sanguinarine; structure-activity relationship Acariasis is a chronic skin disease caused by mites, an ectoparasite, and widely occurs in animals and human. Psoroptes cuniculi is one of animal mites and mainly infects rabbits, goats, horses and sheep.1) It causes intense pruritus of animals with the formation of crusts and scabs and reduction of weight gain, or even death of animals.2,3) Therefore, this mite species causes serious economic losses for animal industry.Therapy and control of both human scabies and animal mange are based mainly on the use of effective drugs and chemicals. At present, the use of drugs to control these parasitic arthropods presents several problems including drugresistance 4,5) and environmental damage. 6,7) Ivermectin (Fig. 1), a clinically used acaricide, is increasingly being used to treat human scabies but often treatment failures, recrudescence and reinfection can occur.8) Concern over toxicity of many acaricides limits their use and reduces the number of Regular Article * To whom correspondence should be addressed. e-mail: zhoulechem@yahoo.com.cn; miaofangmf@163.com The authors declare no conflict of interest. # These authors contributed equally to this work.

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“…Avermectins in soil and aquatic environments show a rapid degradation which is accelerated by exposure to sunlight, reducing half-lives to 0.5 days or less (Halley et al 1993). Although Freitas et al (1996) reported that when kept in glass jar for at least one month under laboratory conditions, at room temperature in absence of direct sunlight, ivermectin solutions of 1, 5 and 10 ppm remained active Invermectin concentration (ppm) Number of dead larvae www.bioassay.org.br…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) Immature Forms to Ivermectin

Rosa¹,

Simões²,

Ataíde³

et al. 2011

BioAssay

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Suscetibilidade de formas imaturas de Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) à ivermectina RESuMO -O combate ao mosquito transmissor do dengue, Aedes aegypti (L.), tem sido um dos principais meios de se evitar epidemias dessa doença e para alcançar esse objetivo, o uso de larvicidas tem aumentado consideravelmente. Atualmente o larvicida mais utilizado pelos programas de saúde governamentais no Brasil é o temephos, entretanto, já existem registros de populações de A. aegypti resistentes a esse fármaco, destacando-se a necessidade de se pesquisar novos inseticidas. A ivermectina é uma droga antiparasítica muito utilizada na pecuária no combate a nematóides e artrópodes por apresentar baixa toxicidade a vertebrados, quando aplicada em pequenas doses. Considerando sua eficiência no controle de alguns artrópodes, o objetivo desse trabalho foi testar o efeito deste fármaco em larvas de 3º e 4º ínstares de A. aegypti. As larvas foram expostas à ivermectina durante 5, 15, 30, 60 e 1440 minutos, nas concentrações de 1, 5 e 10 ppm de solução de ivermectina. Foi feita observação 24 horas após o contato do inseto com a droga e observada a taxa de mortalidade. Observou-se uma correlação positiva entre a concentração de ivermectina e a taxa mortalidade das larvas, independente do tempo em que estas ficaram em contato com a droga. Através da análise dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que o aumento da dose de ivermectina aumenta a mortalidade das larvas de A. aegypti, demonstrando assim, a eficácia do fármaco utilizado. Palavras-chaves: Aedes aegypti, Dengue, ivermectinaABSTRACT -Several mosquito populations have already exhibited resistance to various insecticides, a situation that imposes many problems in vector control programs in many countries. Several studies have recently reported a decrease in the persistence of temephos, the main larvicide used to control Aedes aegypti in Brazil, suggesting that mosquito populations have acquired resistance to this organophosphate in several states. Dengue is one of the most important arthropod-borne diseases in the world and in Brazil thousands of dengue cases are notified annualy. In order to verify the effects of ivermectin, a semi-synthetic drug widely used for treatment of livestock parisitic diseases, on Aedes aegypti larvae of 3 rd and 4 th instar, the insects were submitted to concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 ppm of ivermectin solution during 5, 15, 10, 60 and 1440 minutes. After 24 hours of observations, mortality rates were scored. Loss of mobility, progressive paralysis and high mortality of larvae were recorded. Observations suggest that few minutes of contact with the insect is sufficient to cause intoxication. Increases in ivermectin concentration cause a progressive mortality in A. aegypti larvae. The values presented in the present study indicate that chemical treatment using ivermectin may be an alternative to the use of ivermectin in dengue control programs.

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Environmental effects of the usage of avermectins in livestock

Cited by 183 publications

References 24 publications

Peer Reviewed: Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?

Peer Reviewed: Are Veterinary Medicines Causing Environmental Risks?

Synthesis of 2-Aryl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2-ium Bromides and Their <i>in Vitro</i> Acaricidal Activity against <i>Psoroptes cuniculi</i>

Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) Immature Forms to Ivermectin

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