Environmental Factors Controlling Carbon Assimilation, Growth, and Yield of Papaya ( Carica papaya L.) Under Water-Scarcity Scenarios

Chromosome Engineering in Tropical Cash Crops

“…Papaya is considered an important tropical crop because of its high nutritional value [8], especially its high content of vitamin A, vitamin C, thiamine, folate, niacin, riboflavin, iron, potassium and calcium [8]. Papaya is also cultivated for papain, an important proteolytic enzyme present in the latex of fruits harvested before ripening [9]. This enzyme improves digestion and can be used to cure ulcers [9].…”

“…Papaya is also cultivated for papain, an important proteolytic enzyme present in the latex of fruits harvested before ripening [9]. This enzyme improves digestion and can be used to cure ulcers [9]. Papain is also used for softening wool, preparing protein for animal food, the manufacture of cosmetics (toilet soap, toothpaste, and shampoo), and brewing beer [9].…”

“…This enzyme improves digestion and can be used to cure ulcers [9]. Papain is also used for softening wool, preparing protein for animal food, the manufacture of cosmetics (toilet soap, toothpaste, and shampoo), and brewing beer [9]. Unfortunately, damage to photosynthetic carbon assimilation due to environmental stress, including water deficits, can reduce the biomass production and net carbon assimilation in papaya [9].…”

“…Papain is also used for softening wool, preparing protein for animal food, the manufacture of cosmetics (toilet soap, toothpaste, and shampoo), and brewing beer [9]. Unfortunately, damage to photosynthetic carbon assimilation due to environmental stress, including water deficits, can reduce the biomass production and net carbon assimilation in papaya [9]. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiology and reproductive biology of papaya may facilitate its adaptation to climate change [9].…”

“…Unfortunately, damage to photosynthetic carbon assimilation due to environmental stress, including water deficits, can reduce the biomass production and net carbon assimilation in papaya [9]. Therefore, a better understanding of the physiology and reproductive biology of papaya may facilitate its adaptation to climate change [9]. Unlike in major crops, minor tropical crops do not benefit from large public and private breeding programs that stress genomic and marker-assisted recurrent selection but rather focus on simple methods that prioritize backcrossing [5].…”