Environmental factors in the development of chronic inflammation: A case–control study on risk factors for Crohn's disease within New Zealand

Han, Dug Yeo; Fraser, Alan G.; Dryland, Philippa A.; Ferguson, Lynnette R.

doi:10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.09.002

Cited by 80 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Dose–response relationships have been shown,16 17 although for the latter study, this only became significant when patients smoked >20 cigarettes/day. Others showed that the increased CD susceptibility was associated with smoking at diagnosis 15.…”

Section: Smoking and Susceptibility To CDmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…Two main outcomes were: (1) perinatal and childhood exposure to passive smoking increased the likelihood of CD9 20 21 or (2) maternal smoking during pregnancy affected later development of CD but not passive smoking in childhood 8 22. In contrast, a New Zealand study showed no association with either maternal smoking during pregnancy or childhood exposure to passive smoking 16. In further contrast, a Swedish study showed that children of mothers who smoked during early pregnancy had a significantly reduced risk of later IBD development 23.…”

Section: Smoking and Susceptibility To CDmentioning

confidence: 91%

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The impact of smoking in Crohn's disease: no smoke without fire

Aldhous

Satsangi

2010

Frontline Gastroenterol

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Smoking habit is the most widely accepted environmental factor affecting the incidence and disease progression in the inflammatory bowel diseases. The contrasting effects in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis are unexplained. The purpose of this review is to summarise the existing data on the effects of smoking in CD on disease history, recurrence after surgery, effects on drug responses and to review available evidence that carriage of some of the known susceptibility genes may be disproportionate in smokers with CD. The review also highlights potential mechanisms involved and factors that might affect patients' smoking habits. The clinical and scientific implications of the data are discussed.

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Section: Smoking and Susceptibility To CDmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Smoking and Susceptibility To CDmentioning

confidence: 91%

The impact of smoking in Crohn's disease: no smoke without fire

Aldhous

Satsangi

2010

Frontline Gastroenterol

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“…This finding is not readily explainable given that smoking is a well-described risk factor for increased CD activity and severity [45] and that lower concentrations of 25(OH)D have been reported in patients with CD who smoke (compared to nonsmokers), independent of disease activity [12]. It is possible that a threshold exists in the amount smoked with regards to vitamin D status and disease activity, although evidence for this remains inconclusive [45][46][47][48]. Nevertheless, it remains possible that smoking was a potential confounder to the present findings [26].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk for Moderate to Severe Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease Patients in South Africa, Measured by the Harvey Bradshaw Index

Basson

Swart²,

Jordaan

et al. 2015

Journal of the American College of Nutrition

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“…In animal models of IBD, the involvement of pathogenic bacteria has been documented (146,147), and fermentable fiber supplementation has been shown to be effective in controlling the inflammation as described previously. Interestingly, in an epidemiological study, the use of antibiotics, which affects some pathogenic bacteria as well as gram-positive commensal bacteria, was found to increase the risk of IBD (148). The weakness of this mechanism is that it also cannot explain the anti-inflammatory effect of fiber outside the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Effect Of Fiber In Modulating the Systemic Allergic Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Fiber and the Intestinal Microbiome in the Inflammatory Response

Kuo

2013

Advances in Nutrition

154

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Fiber intake is critical for optimal health. This review covers the anti-inflammatory roles of fibers using results from human epidemiological observations, clinical trials, and animal studies. Fiber has body weight-related anti-inflammatory activity. With its lower energy density, a diet high in fiber has been linked to lower body weight, alleviating obesity-induced chronic inflammation evidenced by reduced amounts of inflammatory markers in human and animal studies. Body weight-unrelated anti-inflammatory activity of fiber has also been extensively studied in animal models in which the type and amount of fiber intake can be closely monitored. Fermentable fructose-, glucose-, and galactose-based fibers as well as mixed fibers have shown systemic and local intestinal anti-inflammatory activities when plasma inflammatory markers and tissue inflammation were examined. Similar anti-inflammatory activities have also been demonstrated in some human studies that controlled total fiber intake. The anti-inflammatory activities of synbiotics (probiotics plus fiber) were reviewed as well, but there was no convincing evidence indicating higher efficacy of synbiotics compared with that of fiber alone. Adverse effects have not been observed with the amount of fiber intake or supplementation used in studies, although patients with Crohn's disease may be more sensitive to inulin intake. Several possible mechanisms that may mediate the body weight-unrelated anti-inflammatory activity of fibers are discussed based on the in vitro and in vivo evidence. Fermentable fibers are known to affect the intestinal microbiome. The immunomodulatory role of the intestinal microbiome and/or microbial metabolites could contribute to the systemic and local anti-inflammatory activities of fibers.

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Environmental factors in the development of chronic inflammation: A case–control study on risk factors for Crohn's disease within New Zealand

Cited by 80 publications

References 33 publications

The impact of smoking in Crohn's disease: no smoke without fire

The impact of smoking in Crohn's disease: no smoke without fire

Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk for Moderate to Severe Disease Activity in Crohn's Disease Patients in South Africa, Measured by the Harvey Bradshaw Index

The Interplay Between Fiber and the Intestinal Microbiome in the Inflammatory Response

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