Environmental factors other than iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter in the basin of river Ganga and Bay of Bengal, India

Chandra, Amar K.; Debnath, Arijit; Tripathy, Smritiratan; Goswami, Haimanti; Mondal, Chiranjit; Chakraborty, Arijit; Pearce, Elizabeth N.

doi:10.4103/2456-1975.183283

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…32 The prevalence was also higher in this study than other studies done among children in different parts of the world which ranges from 5.5% to 35.9%. 33–42 Likewise, the prevalence of goiter in this study was higher than various study reports among children in Ethiopia which showed a prevalence ranging from 26.3% to 62.1%. 17–19,22,24,43–45 On the other hand, the prevalence in this study was lower than other study findings.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia

Gebremichael¹,

Demena

Egata

et al. 2020

Glob Adv Health Med

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Background Although goiter is a major public health problem in Ethiopia and affects a large number of people, there was little evidence among adolescents particularly in Northern Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, aimed at investigating the prevalence of goiter and associated factors among adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 596 adolescents from August 5–30, 2019. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Adolescents were assessed for goiter based on World Health Organization criteria. The level of iodine in household salt samples was tested using rapid test kit. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported into Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0 for statistical analysis. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to control for all possible confounders and to identify predictors of goiter. Odds ratio along with 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to measure the strength of the association. Level of statistical significance was declared at P ≤ .05. Results The prevalence of goiter among adolescents was 42.5% (95% CI: 38.4%, 46.7%). Being a female (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.18, 2.85), family history of goiter (AOR = 3.63, 95% CI: 2.31, 5.69), cabbage consumption at least once per week (AOR = 4.6, 95% CI: 2.42, 8.74), not consuming meat at all (AOR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.17, 5.32), not consuming milk at all (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI: 1.19, 4.03), and inadequate iodine level of household salt (AOR = 7.05, 95% CI: 3.83, 12.97) were significantly associated with the development of goiter among adolescents. Conclusions The prevalence of goiter was very high in the study area. Therefore, the health sector of the district should invest efforts on improving the community’s awareness through disseminating key messages about iodized salt and iodine-rich foods.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia

Gebremichael¹,

Demena

Egata

et al. 2020

Glob Adv Health Med

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“…The prevalence of goiter was higher in this study than other studies done in different parts of the world which ranges from 5.5% to 35.9% [10–19]. Similarly, the prevalence of goiter in this study was higher than different study reports in Ethiopia which showed a prevalence ranging from 26.3% to 62.1% [24–31].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…Moreover, nearly two billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency worldwide, while one-third lives in areas where natural sources of iodine are low [8, 9]. Regarding to the school children, the prevalence of goiter varies in different studies in the world, ranging 5.5% to 35.9% [10–19]. Furthermore, one-third of school children are estimated to have insufficient iodine intake where the highest magnitude is documented in Africa (39%) [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Goiter and its associated factors among primary school children aged 6-12 years in Anchar district, Eastern Ethiopia

et al. 2019

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Background Goiter is a major public health problem in Ethiopia. Even though there were studies done on goiter in Ethiopia, there was little evidence in the eastern part of the country. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of goiter and its associated factors among school-age children in Anchar district of Eastern Ethiopia. Methods A school based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 13 to 30, 2017. Multistage sampling method was used to select 418 children aged 6–12 years. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Children were examined for the presence or absence of goiter based on the criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO). Salt samples were tested using a rapid test kit. Data were entered to EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 22.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted; Crude Odds Ratio (COR) and Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) were computed. Level of significance was determined at p-value less than 0.05. Results The total goiter prevalence rate was 51.8% (CI: 46.9%, 56.8%). Father’s education (AOR = 1.87, CI: 1.06, 3.30), type of salt used (AOR = 2.09, CI: 1.13, 3.88), iodine level of salt (AOR = 2.77, CI: 1.11, 6.89), frequency of milk consumption (AOR = 3.65, CI: 1.63, 8.20), frequency of cabbage consumption (AOR = 7.74, CI: 4.48, 13.39), eating status of eggs (AOR = 3.16, CI: 1.54, 6.50), and eating status of dark green vegetables/fruits (AOR = 2.14, CI: 1.17, 3.93) were factors associated with goiter among school-age children. Conclusions The total goiter prevalence rate was very high. Therefore, the health and education sectors of the study area should work hand in hand to improve the awareness of the community about goiter, iodized salt and iodine rich foods.

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“…While it is plausible, perhaps likely, that I concentrations in water, for example, below 5–10 µg/L contribute to the local IDD, this needs further proof since it is also plausible that other factors (goitrogens) antagonise the local I supply. On the one hand, there is clear evidence that increasing I intake decreases the incidence and prevalence of many IDD, but there are also many reports of the presence of local goitrogens (anti-thyroid agents) affecting the incidence and prevalence of IDD (Chandra et al, 2016 ; Eastman & Zimmermann, 2018 ; Gaitan, 1989 ; Langer & Greer, 1977 ; Mondal et al, 2016 ). In Gilgit-Baltistan, the I and Se intakes are both low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

Shariati

Bailey

Arshad

et al. 2021

Environ Geochem Health

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Iodine and selenium deficiencies are common worldwide. We assessed the iodine and selenium status of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan. We determined the elemental composition (ICP-MS) of locally grown crops (n = 281), drinking water (n = 82), urine (n = 451) and salt (n = 76), correcting urinary analytes for hydration (creatinine, specific gravity). We estimated dietary iodine, selenium and salt intake. Median iodine and selenium concentrations were 11.5 (IQR 6.01, 23.2) and 8.81 (IQR 4.03, 27.6) µg/kg in crops and 0.24 (IQR 0.12, 0.72) and 0.27 (IQR 0.11, 0.46) µg/L in water, respectively. Median iodised salt iodine was 4.16 (IQR 2.99, 10.8) mg/kg. Population mean salt intake was 13.0 g/day. Population median urinary iodine (uncorrected 78 µg/L, specific gravity-corrected 83 µg/L) was below WHO guidelines; creatinine-corrected median was 114 µg/L but was unreliable. Daily selenium intake (from urinary selenium concentration) was below the EAR in the majority (46–90%) of individuals. Iodine and selenium concentrations in all crops were low, but no health-related environmental standards exist. Iodine concentration in iodised salt was below WHO-recommended minimum. Estimated population average salt intake was above WHO-recommended daily intake. Locally available food and drinking water together provide an estimated 49% and 72% of EAR for iodine (95 µg/day) and selenium (45 µg/day), respectively. Low environmental and dietary iodine and selenium place Gilgit-Baltistan residents at risk of iodine deficiency disorders despite using iodised salt. Specific gravity correction of urine analysis for hydration is more consistent than using creatinine. Health-relevant environmental standards for iodine and selenium are needed.

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Environmental factors other than iodine deficiency in the pathogenesis of endemic goiter in the basin of river Ganga and Bay of Bengal, India

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia

Prevalence of Goiter and Associated Factors Among Adolescents in Gazgibla District, Northeast Ethiopia

Goiter and its associated factors among primary school children aged 6-12 years in Anchar district, Eastern Ethiopia

Environmental and human iodine and selenium status: lessons from Gilgit-Baltistan, North-East Pakistan

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