“…Toxicity (measured with the use of V. fisheri ) was decreasing in parallel with thioridazine phototransformation. QSAR analysis revealed that carbazole derivatives formed during phototreatment may possess mutagenic or genotoxic properties (Wilde et al 2016 ). Fig.…”
Section: Photodegradation Studies On Psychotropic Drugsmentioning
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
“…Toxicity (measured with the use of V. fisheri ) was decreasing in parallel with thioridazine phototransformation. QSAR analysis revealed that carbazole derivatives formed during phototreatment may possess mutagenic or genotoxic properties (Wilde et al 2016 ). Fig.…”
Section: Photodegradation Studies On Psychotropic Drugsmentioning
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
“…[ 46 , 47 ], a phototransformation pathway being proposed for TZ (simulated sunlight irradiation via UV-Vis xenon lamp, initial conditions: 800 mL ultrapure water solutions, 0.5 and 50 mg/L concentrations, 6.5 pH, 20 ± 2 °C temperature) in Ref. [ 48 ]. Wilde et al reported that the primary elimination of TZ follows the two-steps first-order exponential kinetic model.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Wilde et al reported that the primary elimination of TZ follows the two-steps first-order exponential kinetic model. The molecular structure of the identified photoproducts was clarified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), where the degradation pathway included hydroxylation, sulfoxidation, dehydroxylation, as well as S- and N-dealkylation, TZ-2-sulfoxide and TZ-5-sulfoxide being the two main occurring products known as the pharmacologically active human metabolites of TZ [ 48 ]. Out of the nine photoproducts, visualized by previous TLC analysis [ 28 ], four were identified following the irradiation of TZ under the same conditions as in the present study (4 h 266 nm laser exposure, 2 mg/mL concentration, 20–25 °C temperature), namely: mesoridazine (TZ-2-sulfoxide) which suffers further 2-oxidation to sulforidazine (TZ-2-sulphone), TZ-5-sulfoxide and TZ-N-desmethyl [ 28 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Future studies are recommended to use LC-MS to identify the molecular structures based on high-resolution mass spectra and fragmentation patterns. Chromatographic peaks with different retention times described by similar fragmentation patterns and identical nominal m/z are expected [ 48 ].…”
Pharmaceuticals carried into space are subjected to different gravitational conditions. Hypergravity is encountered in the first stage, during spacecraft launching. The stability of medicines represents a critical element of space missions, especially long-duration ones. Therefore, stability studies should be envisaged before the implementation of drugs for future deep space travel, where the available pharmaceuticals would be limited and restocking from Earth would be impossible. Multipurpose drugs should be proposed for this reason, such as phenothiazine derivatives that can be transformed by optical methods into antimicrobial agents. Within this preliminary study, promethazine and thioridazine aqueous solutions were exposed to UV laser radiation that modified their structures and generated a mixture of photoproducts efficient against particular bacteria. Subsequently, they were subjected to 20 g in the European Space Agency’s Large Diameter Centrifuge. The aim was to evaluate the impact of hypergravity on the physico-chemical and spectral properties of unirradiated and laser-irradiated medicine solutions through pH assay, UV-Vis/FTIR absorption spectroscopy, and thin-layer chromatography. The results revealed no substantial alterations in centrifuged samples when compared to uncentrifuged ones. Due to their stability after high-g episodes, laser-exposed phenothiazines could be considered for future space missions.
“…Photodegradation, as an abiotic process, may have an important effect on the persistence of MPs. 19,20 Photochemical degradation is reported to be the dominant attenuation pathway for sulfonamides, opioids and organophosphorus flame retardants in surface water. [21][22][23] It is therefore necessary to understand the phototransformation processes of MPs in water.…”
Various micropollutants (MPs) that exist in surface water and treated wastewater have been continuously arousing concerns because of their harmful ecological and health effects. Sunlight-induced photodegradation of MPs in water...
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