Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Chlorothalonil

Scoy, April R. Van; Tjeerdema, Ronald S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_4

Cited by 30 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Chlorothalonil is a widely used fungicide on crop and ornamental plants [ 32 ] and is commonly found in high concentrations within the pollen and hives of honey bees foraging in agricultural systems [ 14 , 26 ]. Well-known products that contain chlorothalonil as their active ingredient include Bravo ® , Daconil ® , and Sweep ® [ 33 ]. The initial intended use of chlorothalonil was for fungal diseases of turf grasses [ 34 ], but it was later approved for use on food crops and is now applied to a wide variety of flowering nut, vegetable, and fruit crops [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Well-known products that contain chlorothalonil as their active ingredient include Bravo ® , Daconil ® , and Sweep ® [ 33 ]. The initial intended use of chlorothalonil was for fungal diseases of turf grasses [ 34 ], but it was later approved for use on food crops and is now applied to a wide variety of flowering nut, vegetable, and fruit crops [ 33 ]. The application of chlorothalonil to flowering agricultural crops means that there is the potential for pollinators to come in contact with this compound.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Colonies of Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) Produce Fewer Workers, Less Bee Biomass, and Have Smaller Mother Queens Following Fungicide Exposure

Bernauer

Gaines-Day

Steffan

2015

Insects

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Bees provide vital pollination services to the majority of flowering plants in both natural and agricultural systems. Unfortunately, both native and managed bee populations are experiencing declines, threatening the persistence of these plants and crops. Agricultural chemicals are one possible culprit contributing to bee declines. Even fungicides, generally considered safe for bees, have been shown to disrupt honey bee development and impair bumble bee behavior. Little is known, however, how fungicides may affect bumble bee colony growth. We conducted a controlled cage study to determine the effects of fungicide exposure on colonies of a native bumble bee species (Bombus impatiens). Colonies of B. impatiens were exposed to flowers treated with field-relevant levels of the fungicide chlorothalonil over the course of one month. Colony success was assessed by the number and biomass of larvae, pupae, and adult bumble bees. Bumble bee colonies exposed to fungicide produced fewer workers, lower total bee biomass, and had lighter mother queens than control colonies. Our results suggest that fungicides negatively affect the colony success of a native bumble bee species and that the use of fungicides during bloom has the potential to severely impact the success of native bumble bee populations foraging in agroecosystems.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colonies of Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) Produce Fewer Workers, Less Bee Biomass, and Have Smaller Mother Queens Following Fungicide Exposure

Bernauer

Gaines-Day

Steffan

2015

Insects

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“…However, this broader activity often comes with increased toxicity. This is well illustrated by the recent European Union ban of chlorothalonil, a thiol-reactive fungicide pivotal for disease control, but with reported toxicity to aquatic organisms 6 and bumblebees 7 . We thus face an immediate need for new fungicides with multi-site modes of action (MoA) which are environmentally-benign and of low mammalian toxicity 3,8 .…”

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confidence: 97%

A lipophilic cation protects crops against fungal pathogens by multiple modes of action

et al. 2020

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The emerging resistance of crop pathogens to fungicides poses a challenge to food security and compels discovery of new antifungal compounds. Here, we show that mono-alkyl lipophilic cations (MALCs) inhibit oxidative phosphorylation by affecting NADH oxidation in the plant pathogens Zymoseptoria tritici, Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae. One of these MALCs, consisting of a dimethylsulfonium moiety and a long alkyl chain (C18-SMe2+), also induces production of reactive oxygen species at the level of respiratory complex I, thus triggering fungal apoptosis. In addition, C18-SMe2+ activates innate plant defense. This multiple activity effectively protects cereals against Septoria tritici blotch and rice blast disease. C18-SMe2+ has low toxicity in Daphnia magna, and is not mutagenic or phytotoxic. Thus, MALCs hold potential as effective and non-toxic crop fungicides.

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“…CHT was found to be relatively non-toxic for avian species, small mammals and honeybees, but highly toxic for fish, crustaceans, birds, amphibians and aquatic invertebrates (Gallo and Tosti, 2015;McMahon et al, 2011;Yu et al, 2013;Shelley et al, 2009;Guerreiro et al, 2017;Du Gas et al, 2017). Moreover, in rodents, chronic dietary exposure to CHT was found to cause an increased incidence of papillomas and carcinomas of the stomach squamous epithelium as well as of adenomas and carcinomas of the renal proximal tubule epithelium (Van Scoy and Tjeerdema, 2014;FAO/WHO, 1992).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic damage induced by the widely used fungicide chlorothalonil in peripheral human lymphocytes

Santovito

Gendusa

Ferraro

et al. 2018

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Chlorothalonil is an important broad spectrum fungicide widely used in agriculture, silviculture, and urban settings. As a result of its massive use, chlorothalonil was found in all environmental matrices, with consequent risks to the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, as well as for humans. We analyzed the effects of chlorothalonil on human lymphocytes using in vitro chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and micronuclei (MNi) assays. Lymphocytes were exposed to five concentrations of chlorothalonil: 0.600 µg/mL, 0.060 µg/mL, 0.030 µg/mL, 0.020 µg/mL, and 0.015 µg/mL, where 0.020 and 0.600 µg/mL represent the ADI and the ARfD concentration values, respectively, established by FAO/WHO for this compound; 0.030 and 0.060 μg/mL represent intermediate values of these concentrations and 0.015 μg/mL represents the ADI value established by the Canadian health and welfare agency. We observed cytogenetic effects of chlorothalonil on cultured human lymphocytes in terms of increased CAs and MNi frequencies at all tested concentrations, including the FAO/WHO ADI and ARfD values of 0.020 and 0.600 μg/mL, respectively, but with exception of the Canadian ADI value of 0.015 μg/mL. Finally, no sexes differences were found in the levels of CAs and MNi induced by different chlorothalonil concentrations. Similarly, the mitotic index and the cytokinesis-block proliferation index did not show any significant effect on the proliferative capacity of the cells, although at the chlorothalonil concentration of 0.600 μg/mL the P-values of both indices were borderline.

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Environmental Fate and Toxicology of Chlorothalonil

Cited by 30 publications

References 46 publications

Colonies of Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) Produce Fewer Workers, Less Bee Biomass, and Have Smaller Mother Queens Following Fungicide Exposure

Colonies of Bumble Bees (Bombus impatiens) Produce Fewer Workers, Less Bee Biomass, and Have Smaller Mother Queens Following Fungicide Exposure

A lipophilic cation protects crops against fungal pathogens by multiple modes of action

Genomic damage induced by the widely used fungicide chlorothalonil in peripheral human lymphocytes

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