Environmental fate of explosives

Pennington, Judith C.; Brannon, James M.

doi:10.1016/s0040-6031(01)00801-2

Cited by 217 publications

(136 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Following entry into the environment, both abiotic and biotic processes will influence the fate of explosive compounds [20,21]. The rate and extent of transport and transformation will be governed by the physico-chemical properties of the explosive compounds (solubility, K ow , vapor pressure, Henry's law constant), environmental factors (weather conditions, soil properties, pH, redox), and biological factors including the presence and/or absence of explosives-degrading microorganisms.…”

Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

155

143

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An explosion occurs when a large amount of energy is suddenly released. This energy may come from an over-pressurized steam boiler, from the products of a chemical reaction involving explosive materials, or from a nuclear reaction that is uncontrolled. In order for an explosion to occur, there must be a local accumulation of energy at the site of the explosion, which is suddenly released. This release of energy can be dissipated as blast waves, propulsion of debris, or by the emission of thermal and ionizing radiation.Modern explosives or energetic materials are nitrogen-containing organic compounds with the potential for self-oxidation to small gaseous molecules (N 2 , H 2 O, and CO 2 ). Explosives are classified as primary or secondary based on their susceptibility of initiation. Primary explosives are highly susceptible to initiation and are often used to ignite secondary explosives, such as TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene), RDX (1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine), HMX (1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), and tetryl (N-methyl-N-2,4,6-tetranitroaniline).

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Section: Environmental Fatementioning

confidence: 99%

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Kalderis

Juhasz

Boopathy

et al. 2011

Pure and Applied Chemistry

155

143

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“…The specific reaction and the rate at which it occurs depend on the nature of the molecule in solution (hydrophobic or hydrophilic; ionic or neutral) and the nature of the surface (organic, mineral, oxide). The general mechanisms of sorption of energetic compounds are discussed in Ainsworth et al (1993), McGrath (1995, and Pennington and Brannon (2002). A good general discussion of distribution coefficients can be found in Fetter (1999).…”

Section: Sorption Of Propellant Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Transport and Fate Process Descriptors for Propellant Compounds

Mirecki¹,

Porter²,

Weiss³

2006

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Sustainable management of Army training ranges requires quantification of the distribution, transport, and fate of munitions constituents (propellants and explosives) in soil, surface and groundwater. Propellant formulations are mixtures consisting of energetic compounds, binders, stabilizers, and burning-rate modifiers. Factors that affect the transport and fate of these diverse compounds include dissolution, sorption, biotransformation, volatilization, and photochemical transformation. This report summarizes the current understanding of these processes, and provides process descriptors for propellant compounds. Results of leaching experiments on representative single-base, double-base, and triple-base propellant mixtures also are presented.

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“…Its release to surface water and groundwater has been mostly from runoff and leaching from storage and disposal areas, as well as release from receiving lagoons at munitions production and processing facilities (Fuchs et al, 2001). Reduction of the nitro-groups to amino-groups typically follows introduction of TNT to soils (Pennington and Brannon, 2002) and sediments . The major aminated metabolites of TNT are 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) or 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diaminonitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) or 2,6-diaminonitrotoluene (2,6-DANT) (Elovitz and Weber, 1999;Pennington and Brannon, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduction of the nitro-groups to amino-groups typically follows introduction of TNT to soils (Pennington and Brannon, 2002) and sediments . The major aminated metabolites of TNT are 2-aminodinitrotoluene (2-ADNT) or 4-aminodinitrotoluene (4-ADNT) and 2,4-diaminonitrotoluene (2,4-DANT) or 2,6-diaminonitrotoluene (2,6-DANT) (Elovitz and Weber, 1999;Pennington and Brannon, 2002). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TNT in marine fish in sediment exposures

Lotufo¹,

Blackburn²,

Marlborough³

et al. 2010

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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a b s t r a c tThe bioaccumulation potential and toxicity of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) spiked to sediment was evaluated in juvenile sheepshead minnows (JSHM, Cyprinodon variegatus) and adult freckled blennies (FB, Hypsoblennius ionthas). The JSHM were exposed for 4 days in the presence or absence of a mesh separating fish from sediment. FB were exposed to sediment for 7 days. During the 24-day storage period (4 1C), extensive transformation of spiked TNT occurred and concentrations are expressed as the sum of TNT, aminodinitrotoluenes and diaminonitrotoluenes (SumTNT), on a dry weight basis. SumTNT in the overlying water, not exchanged during exposure, increased gradually. Survival was high (Z 90%) for JSHM exposed to 7 mg kg À 1 and FB exposed to up to 260 mg kg À 1 . All SHM died after 24 h exposure to 340 mg kg À 1 . Isolation from sediment did not significantly affect water concentrations or decrease bioaccumulation. Uptake from contact to sediment was likely negligible and bioaccumulation was from the overlying water. The feeding rate of FB exposed to 1700 mmol kg À 1 sediment suspended in water for 24-h was significantly reduced by 50%.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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Environmental fate of explosives

Cited by 217 publications

References 43 publications

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Soils contaminated with explosives: Environmental fate and evaluation of state-of-the-art remediation processes (IUPAC Technical Report)

Environmental Transport and Fate Process Descriptors for Propellant Compounds

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of TNT in marine fish in sediment exposures

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