Environmental fates of synthetic musks in animal and plant: An in vivo study

Recent Advances in In Vivo SPME Sampling

“…In fact, fish could absorb contaminants through their gills, skin, or gastrointestinal tract [33][34][35]. In vivo tissue monitoring of pharmaceuticals [36][37][38][39][40][41], persistent pollutants [42][43][44], pesticides [45] and antibacterial agents [46] provides valuable information regarding their concentration in the ecosystem, bioaccumulation levels and metabolism. In particular, lipophilic pollutants can easily diffuse through biological membranes and accumulate in fish tissues and organs [47][48][49][50].…”

“…The use of C 18 SPME fiber allowed the extraction of small molecules able to penetrate and be adsorbed onto the embedded particles, thus excluding the large matrix-derived biomolecules and strongly reducing interfering phenomena. Uptake and elimination of synthetic musks (SMs) in tilapias were also studied by Chen et al [44] using sampling-rate calibration for the quantification of the analytes [62]. In particular, musk xylene (MX), musk ketone (MK), galaxolide™ (HHCB), and tonalide™ (AHTN) were investigated.…”

“…The need for representative information regarding the actual composition and the dynamics of xenobiotics and biomolecules in plants has led to the development of a variety of in vivo analytical and extraction methods. Compared with other sampling techniques like microdialysis, in vivo tissue collection and biosensors, SPME offers the advantage of a low cost and simple device [44,71,[73][74][75]. This technique allows the efficient and non-exhaustive extraction of the analytes by inserting the fiber directly in plant tissues with minimum disturbance of the living system.…”

“…In vivo tracing of other classes of xenobiotics was extensively studied by Chen and Qiu's group mainly using homemade PDMS-coated stainless steel fibers [12,44,77,78].…”

Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity increase during indirect photochemical transformation of polycyclic musk tonalide: A modeling study

“…Especially, tonalide and galaxolide at the highest levels were the predominant PCMs (Lu et al, 2015). These PCMs would not only contaminate the water environment, but also were frequently found in aquatic organisms as well as accumulate in aquatic organisms (Chen et al, 2015;Fernandes et al, 2013;Fromme et al, 2001a;Kannan et al, 2005;Luckenbach and Epel, 2005), and even human milk, blood, and adipose tissues (Schiavone et al, 2010). More important, when released into water, PCMs may transform into other products.…”