Environmental footprint of cooking fuels: a life cycle assessment of ten fuel sources used in Indian households

Singh, Punam; Gundimeda, Haripriya; Stucki, Matthias

doi:10.1007/s11367-014-0699-0

Cited by 47 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Life cycle inventory data stem from the ecoinvent data v2.2, from the Agri-footprint database and from working and scientific papers Jungbluth 1997; Singh et al 2014. All data were harmonised as far as possible and embedded into the ecoinvent data v2.2.…”

Section: Scenarios Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: progress and case study

Frischknecht

Fantke

Tschümperlin

et al. 2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

116

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Purpose The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) guidance flagship project of the UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative aims at providing global guidance and building scientific consensus on environmental LCIA indicators. This paper presents the progress made since 2013, preliminary results obtained for each impact category, and the description of a rice life cycle assessment (LCA) case study designed to test and compare LCIA indicators. MethodsThe effort has been focused in a first stage on impacts of global warming, fine particulate matter emissions, water use and land use, plus cross-cutting issues and LCA-based footprints. The paper reports the process and progress and specific results obtained in the different task forces (TF). Additionally, a rice LCA case study common to all TF has been developed. Three distinctly different scenarios of producing and cooking rice have been defined and underlined with life cycle inventory data. These LCAs help testing impact category indicators which are being developed and/or selected in the harmonisation process. The rice LCA case study further helps to ensure the practicality of the finally recommended impact category indicators. ResultsThe global warming TF concludes that analysts should explore the sensitivity of LCA results to metrics other than GWP. The particulate matter TF attained initial guidance of how to include health effects from PM 2.5 exposures consistently into LCIA. The biodiversity impacts of land use TF suggests to consider complementary metrics besides species richness for assessing biodiversity loss. The water use TF is evaluating two stress-based metrics, AWaRe and an alternative indicator by a stakeholder consultation. The cross-cutting issues TF agreed upon maintaining DALY as endpoint unit for the safeguard subject "human health". The footprint TF defined main attributes that should characterise all footprint indicators. "Rice cultivation" and "Cooking" stages of the rice LCA case study contribute most to the environmental impacts assessed. ConclusionsThe results of the TF will be documented in white papers and some published in scientific journals. These white papers represent the input for the Pellston workshop TM , taking place in Valencia, Spain from 24 to 29 January 2016, where best practice, harmonised LCIA indicators and an update on the general LCIA framework will be discussed and agreed on. With the diversity in results and the multi-tier supply chains the rice LCA case study is well suited to test candidate recommended indicators and to ensure their applicability in common LCA case studies.

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Section: Scenarios Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: progress and case study

Frischknecht

Fantke

Tschümperlin

et al. 2016

Int J Life Cycle Assess

116

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“…If the household converted from a traditional to a pyrolysis cook-stove, with a thermal efficiency of 38%-50% [13] compared to a traditional stove of only 11% [18], a pyrolysis cook-stove would provide 4.5-5.9 times more cooking energy than using the traditional stove. If all the manure available on the farm was used for cooking on a pyrolysis cook-stove before incorporation into the soil, this would provide extra energy for the household equivalent to 8.9-11.8 t yr −1 of fuelwood, with a value of 588-779 US$ yr −1 , or requiring 2.2-2.9 h of labour every day to collect.…”

Section: Biochar From Pyrolysis Of Crop Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of organic resources before soil incorporation in semi-arid regions improves resilience to El Niño, and increases crop production and economic returns

Smith

Nayak

Albanito

et al. 2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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The use of limited organic resources to build resilience to drought in semi-arid regions was investigated using systems modelling. The study focused on Halaba in Ethiopia, drawing on biophysical and socioeconomic data obtained from a survey of farms before, during and after the 2015/16 El Niño event. Using a simplified weather dataset to remove noise from weather fluctuations, a ten yearly El Niño was demonstrated to cause significant long-term degradation of soil, reducing crop yields by 9%-14% and soil carbon by 0.5%-4.1%; more frequent droughts would increase this impact. Farmers in Halaba usually apply manures to soils untreated. Counteracting the impact of El Niño on soil degradation is possible by increasing application of untreated manure, but would result in a small net cost due to loss of dung as fuel. By composting manure its recalcitrance increases, allowing soil degradation to be counteracted without cost. The best option investigated, in terms of both food and fuel security, for households with access to water and finances needed for anaerobic digestion (500-2000 US$), is to use manure to produce biogas and then apply the nutrient-rich bioslurry residue to the soil. This will result in a significant benefit of over 5000 US$ per decade from increased crop production and saved fuel costs. However, many households are limited in water and finances; in that situation, the much cheaper pyrolysis cook-stove (50 US$) can provide similar economic benefits without the need for water. The biochar residue from pyrolysis is highly recalcitrant, but pyrolysis results in loss of nutrients, so may result in lower yields than other uses of manures. This may be countered by using biochar to capture nutrients from elsewhere in the farm, such as from animal housing or compost pits; more work is needed to quantify the impact of treated biochar on crop yields.

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“…Um estudo mais abrangente foi realizado por Singh e colaboradores, 43 de emissão desde a produção até seu uso e as menores emissões de GEE (CO 2 e CH 4 ). Todos os combustíveis utilizados para cocção, disponíveis até o momento, emitem, por menor que seja, poluentes para o ar.…”

Section: Estimativas Mundiais De Gases De Efeito Estufa Gerados Pela unclassified

“…Se a lenha for de reflorestamento, o PAG pode ser reduzido em até 88%. 43 Porém, estudos mostram que a taxa de desmatamento, para esta finalidade, é maior que a taxa de reflorestamento. 44 Atualmente, mais de 90% da lenha utilizada nas atividades domésticas mundiais é proveniente de fontes não renováveis, portanto, o uso deste combustível nas atividades culinárias contribui significativamente para o impacto no aquecimento global.…”

Section: Estimativas Mundiais De Gases De Efeito Estufa Gerados Pela unclassified

“…O desempenho de um fogão é caracterizado pela eficiência de combustão, ou seja, a energia armazenada no combustível convertido a calor e a eficiência de transferência de calor para a panela que é influenciada pelo modelo do fogão. 43 Em termos de eficiência energética, os fogões a combustíveis sólidos apresentam uma eficiência entre 13 e 17%, o de querosene 47%, biogás 55%, GLP 57% e eletricidade 70%. 39 Atualmente, além da alta eficiência térmica, um fogão adequado deve produzir menos gases poluentes e partículas durante sua utilização.…”

Section: Comparação Dos Níveis De Emissão Dos Combustíveisunclassified

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Comparação Dos Níveis De Poluentes Emitidos Pelos Diferentes Combustíveis Utilizados Para Cocção E Sua Influência No Aquecimento Global

Gioda¹

2018

Quim. Nova

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. Global warming is one of the most worrying environmental problems nowadays. A joint effort has been made by many countries to minimize greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, responsible for global warming. The evidences indicate that global warming is occurring due to anthropogenic activities, mainly caused by the using of fossil or biomass fuels. Although this effect is more directly associated with external emissions, domestic emissions also have their contributions. In this way, cooking activities can have an impact on global warming, since the main fuels used for these purposes are from fossil or biomass origin. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the most common fuels used for cooking in Brazil on global warming. Among the fuels studied and the data available to date, biogas, followed by natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas were the least polluting, even the latter two being derived from petroleum and currently considered the great villain of air pollution. The results also show that although LPG is the most used fuel (> 90%) in Brazil for cooking, firewood, which accounts for only 3% of consumption, causes the highest emission rates of greenhouse gases. Therefore, more efficient stoves can have a significant impact on the GHG reductions in the country.Keywords: global warming; greenhouse gases; cooking fuels; indoor pollution; firewood. INTRODUÇÃOA biomassa foi uma das primeiras fontes de energia utilizadas pela humanidade, 1 sendo empregada desde a sua descoberta na cocção de alimentos, uma das atividades básicas do ser humano. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico, novos combustíveis e fogões foram introduzidos para esta finalidade. Atualmente, vários combustíveis são usados para a cocção e são provenientes de biomassa ou fóssil. Biomassa é toda matéria orgânica produzida por fotossíntese, sendo esta considerada uma fonte renovável de energia.2 As plantas absorvem a energia do sol e, quando queimadas, a energia química da biomassa é liberada como calor. A biomassa pode ser queimada diretamente (p. ex., lenha, restos de plantações e madeiras, palhas, etc.) ou convertida em biogás (p. ex., metano) ou biocombustíveis líquidos (p. ex., etanol) que podem ser queimados como combustíveis.2 A partir da biomassa também é obtido o carvão vegetal, muito usado na cocção. Os combustíveis fósseis (petróleo, carvão mineral e gás natural, GN) são hidrocarbonetos que foram formados a partir de restos de plantas (diatomáceas) e animais há milhões de anos sob calor geotérmico e pressão.2 O petróleo bruto é extraído, refinado e transformado em diferentes produtos (p. ex., gasolina, óleo diesel, combustível de aviação, matérias primas petroquímicas, ceras, óleos lubrificantes e asfalto).2 O gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP), também conhecido como gás de botijão ou gás de cozinha, composto por uma mistura dos hidrocarbonetos propano e butano, também é obtido durante o refino do petróleo ou extraído do GN. Os combustíveis fósseis mundialmente utilizados para cocção são o GLP, o GN, o carvão mineral e o querosene. O carvão mine...

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Environmental footprint of cooking fuels: a life cycle assessment of ten fuel sources used in Indian households

Cited by 47 publications

References 24 publications

Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: progress and case study

Global guidance on environmental life cycle impact assessment indicators: progress and case study

Treatment of organic resources before soil incorporation in semi-arid regions improves resilience to El Niño, and increases crop production and economic returns

Comparação Dos Níveis De Poluentes Emitidos Pelos Diferentes Combustíveis Utilizados Para Cocção E Sua Influência No Aquecimento Global

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