Environmental impact and economic assessment of secondary lead production: Comparison of main spent lead-acid battery recycling processes in China

Tian, Xi; Wu, Yufeng; Hou, Ping; Liang, Sai; Qu, Shen; Xu, Min; Zuo, Tao

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.171

Cited by 135 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…2. The Eh-pH diagrams were constructed for the Fe 2+ -CH 3 COO − and the Ba 2+ -SO 4 2− -CH 3 COO − systems at room temperatures using the Medusa software. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Preparation Of Lead Acetate Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2016, a total of 11 million tons of refined lead was consumed, 80% of which was used for LABs manufacturing . As a result, many spent LABs were generated, which have drawn more and more attention owing to their potential pollution of the environment . The spent LABs are usually crushed and separated into four parts: spent lead paste, lead alloy grid, polymeric containers, and spent sulfuric acid .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 As a result, many spent LABs were generated, which have drawn more and more attention owing to their potential pollution of the environment. 3,4 The spent LABs are usually crushed and separated into four parts: spent lead paste, lead alloy grid, polymeric containers, and spent sulfuric acid. 5 Among these, the spent lead paste is the most complicated fraction, consisting of 50-60 wt% lead sulfate, 20-30 wt% lead dioxide, 5-15 wt% lead monoxide, 1-2 wt% metallic lead, and 1-2 wt% other minor impurities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24,25 In order to remove the impurities, Pan et al have developed an alkaline leaching process to recover high-purity PbO based on the combined desulfurization and recrystallization of PbSO 4 in a sodium hydroxide solution. 23,27 In his study, the intermediate of crude PbSO 4 obtained was dissolved in a concentrated NaOH solution at an elevated temperature and then filtrated to remove the insoluble impurities such as BaSO 4 4 and BaSO 4 from the lead acetate solution. Finally, the separated lead acetate solution was reacted with CO 2 to obtain PbCO 3 , and then PbCO 3 decomposed at low temperatures to produce high-purity PbO.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Yang

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND The lead oxide product recovered from spent lead‐acid battery paste via the hydrometallurgical route usually contains many impurity elements, i.e. Ba and Fe. In this paper, a facile lead acetate conversion process was proposed for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide (α‐PbO) derived from spent lead‐acid batteries. RESULTS The desulfurized lead paste was leached with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prepare lead acetate solution, which was then reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to synthesize high‐purity α‐PbO. The doses of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were the two key parameters for the removals of the impurities, due to their dominant effects on the pH and redox potential of the leaching step. Under the optimized conditions (the molar ratios of CH3COOH/Pb of 2.00, H2O2/PbO2 of 3.5, and NaOH/Pb of 2.5), the high‐purity α‐PbO product with impurities of 20.5 mg kg−1 Fe and 1.5 mg kg−1 Ba was prepared, which were the lowest impurities content in lead product recovered via a hydrometallurgical route compared with previous literature. The total removal efficiencies of impurities Ba and Fe reached 99.9 wt% and 99.0 wt%, respectively. The total recovery efficiency of Pb from the spent lead paste was 92.6 wt%. CONCLUSION The proposed acetic acid leaching process was proved to be an effective strategy to remove the impurities via a hydrometallurgical route. The recovered high‐purity α‐PbO could be used as the positive active materials for lead‐acid battery. This study could provide insights into the impurities removal in the hydrometallurgical recovery of spent lead paste. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…2. The Eh-pH diagrams were constructed for the Fe 2+ -CH 3 COO − and the Ba 2+ -SO 4 2− -CH 3 COO − systems at room temperatures using the Medusa software. As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Preparation Of Lead Acetate Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Yang

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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“…Pb is a toxic metal widely distributed in the environment [32]. It can damage most organisms by affecting their biochemical processes and molecular structures [33][34].…”

Section: Pb Induces Cell Deathmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitric Oxide Modulates Lead Content during Lead-Induced Cell Killing in Yeast Cells

Zhang

2018

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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In this study we investigated the role of NO in Pb-induced yeast cell death. We found that the rate of cell death increased with increasing concentrations of Pb(NO 3 ) 2 and prolonged exposure to Pb(NO 3 ) 2 . NO production also increased signifi cantly during Pb-induced yeast cell death. An exogenous NO donor increased Pb toxicity to cells, while NO synthesis inhibitors and NO-specifi c scavengers alleviated Pb toxicity. To further investigate the mechanism of NO in Pb toxicity, we measured the Pb content and mRNA expression of metal ion transport gene SMF1 in yeast cells. Our results showed that endogenous NO may enhance SMF1 expression, thereby increasing Pb content in yeast cells. Meanwhile, we found that the intracellular ROS levels increased with the increase of intracellular Pb content in yeast cells. Conclusion: Pb can promote the increase of intracellular nitric oxide levels. NO may promote intracellular Pb transport by enhancing the expression of SMF1 in Pb-induced yeast cell death. Intracellular accumulation of Pb further promotes the increase of intracellular ROS levels, and then lead to yeast cell death by oxidative damage.

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AC‐coupledhybrid power system optimisation for an Australian remote community

Combe

Mahmoudi

Haque

et al. 2020

Int Trans Electr Energ Syst

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Summary This paper investigates the operation of various optimised AC‐coupled hybrid power systems for an isolated community in South Australia. In addition to diesel generators, various combinations of distributed generators and storage technologies are considered to form different hybrid power systems. Optimal design of the hybrid power systems is implemented using particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm. The performance of the PSO in optimizing the above hybrid systems is discussed in detail. Whilst meeting the power system operational constraints, the minimum levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) of all systems, with various combinations of system components, are calculated. Simulation results obtained for each optimized system are carefully described and analysed. The annual operations of various components in each system are then compared and discussed in detail. A sensitivity analysis by varying the cost of wind turbines and the photovoltaic is also conducted for all hybrid systems. It has been found that the inclusion of energy storage systems (battery and flywheel) can reduce the LCOE and CO2 emission significantly compared to the inclusion of renewable generations (solar and wind) alone. The diesel‐wind‐solar‐battery system is the eco‐friendliest with an annual CO2 emission of 451 t compared to the reference diesel system (1064 t). In addition, the hybrid system consisting of diesel, wind, solar, battery and flywheel is found to be the most economic with a LCOE of 58.94 ¢/kWh compared to the diesel system with a LCOE of 67.17 ¢/kWh.

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Environmental impact and economic assessment of secondary lead production: Comparison of main spent lead-acid battery recycling processes in China

Cited by 135 publications

References 42 publications

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Nitric Oxide Modulates Lead Content during Lead-Induced Cell Killing in Yeast Cells

AC‐coupledhybrid power system optimisation for an Australian remote community

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