In this work,
we have proposed a new formulation of a hybrid nanofertilizer (HNF)
for slow and sustainable release of nutrients into soil and water.
Urea-modified hydroxyapatite was synthesized, which is a rich source
of nitrogen, calcium, and phosphate. Nanoparticles such as copper,
iron, and zinc were incorporated into urea-modified hydroxyapatite
to increase the efficiency of the proposed fertilizer. Different techniques
including powder X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to get insight
into the properties, morphology, and structure of the as-prepared
fertilizer. The developed HNF was used in a field experiment on the
ladies’ finger (
Abelmoschus esculentus
) plant. The slow release of HNF was observed during leaching studies
and confirmed the availability of Ca
2+
, PO
4
3–
, NO
2–
, NO
3–
,
Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, and Zn
2+
. Furthermore,
the presence of Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, and Zn
2+
nutrients in ladies’ finger was confirmed by the inductively
coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) experiment.
A considerable increase in the physicochemical properties such as
swelling ratio and water absorption and retention capacities of the
proposed fertilizer was observed, which makes the fertilizer more
attractive and beneficial compared with the commercial fertilizer.
The composition of the proposed HNF was functionally valuable for
slow and sustainable release of plant nutrients. The dose of prepared
HNF applied was 50 mg/week, whereas the commercial fertilizer was
applied at a dose of 5 g/week to
A. esculentus
. The obtained results showed a significant increase of Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, and Zn
2+
nutrient uptake in
A. esculentus
as a result of slow release from HNF.