Environmental Impact of Flame Retardants (Persistence and Biodegradability)

Segev, Osnat; Kushmaro, Ariel; Brenner, Asher

doi:10.3390/ijerph6020478

Cited by 168 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…[9]. These substances could easily enter the environment by waste water discharge of the TBBPA derivatives industry [10] and by using, disposal and recycling of the BFRs [11]. The debate on toxicity and bioaccumulation of TBBPA continues between scientists [1,2,10,12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive detection of tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives

Tian

Chen

Ouyang

et al. 2014

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reactive extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive detection of tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives

Tian

Chen

Ouyang

et al. 2014

Analytica Chimica Acta

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“…However, their long half-lives in soil make the natural degradation of PCDD/Fs much longer compared with their degradation in air and a decline of the concentrations in soil might not be apparent for several years. Compared with PCDD/Fs, PBDEs tend to be photolytically degraded and bioaccumulated in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, 59,60 which could enhance their elimination in the eld soil. However, even though the E-waste dismantling activities have been strictly regulated since 2005, the import of E-waste for centralized disassembly could still give rise to the discharge of PBDEs into the surroundings.…”

Section: Overall Comparison Over a Longer Temporal Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal trends of PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2013

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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The temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were investigated in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China between 2005 and 2011. Isotope dilution high resolution gas chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) was employed for the sample analysis. PCB levels declined as expected, while PCDD/Fs generally remained at a constant level during the sampling period, and PBDE concentrations tended to be slightly lower after 2007 although the decline was not statistically significant. The congener profiles indicated that lowly-halogenated congeners of these persistent organic pollutants (POPs) accounted for the decreasing levels and relative proportions of the POPs, suggesting that they have been gradually eliminated from the field soil over the years. However, the concentration levels of some heavy congeners (e.g., OCDD and OCDF) showed different trends from those of the lighter ones. The general tendencies of the three types of POPs in soils were consistent with those reported in other studies in this area. The results implied that the enhanced regulations and centralized dismantling action introduced in 2005 might exert a limited influence on these three types of POPs in soils during the sampling period. Environmental impactThe environmental contamination associated with E-waste dismantling activities has been a topic of great concern during the past several decades. In China, two notorious E-waste recycling centers are hot spots for POPs research, which are respectively located in Guiyu, South China and Taizhou, East China. The present study was conducted to investigate the levels and distribution of PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in soils from the Taizhou area to reect the temporal tendency of POPs aer stricter environmental regulations were introduced by local government in 2005. The results revealed that different temporal trends occurred for the different POPs, which were closely related to their historical emission and their chemical properties. The study will shed light on the contamination control for these POPs in E-waste dismantling areas.

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“…Inorganic FRs during combustion form a crust on the polymer surface preventing the access of oxygen to the polymer fuel. Other commercial inorganic (synergist) FRs are based on iron oxide, zinc borate, zinc stannate, zinc phosphate, magnesium hydroxide, aluminium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate (Pritchard 1998;Segev et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a generic procedure for the detection of relevant contaminants from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials: a review and selection of key parameters

Puype

Samsonek

Vilímková

et al. 2017

Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A

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Recently, traces of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in black plastic foodcontact materials (FCMs), indicating the presence of recycled plastics, mainly coming from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) as BFRs are one of the main additives in electric applications. In order to evaluate efficiently and preliminary in situ the presence of WEEE in plastic FCMs, a generic procedure for the evaluation of WEEE presence in plastic FCMs by using defined parameters having each an associated importance level has been proposed. This can be achieved by combining parameters like overall bromine (Br) and antimony (Sb) content; additive and reactive BFR, rare earth element (REE) and WEEE-relevant elemental content and additionally polymer purity. In most of the cases, the WEEE contamination could be confirmed by combining X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry and thermal desorption/pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at first. The Sb and REE content did not give a full confirmation as to the source of contamination, however for Sb the opposite counts: Sb was joined with elevated Br signals. Therefore, Br at first followed by Sb were used as WEEE precursors as both elements are used as synergetic flame-retardant systems. WEEE-specific REEs could be used for small WEEE (sWEEE) confirmation; however, this parameter should be interpreted with care. The polymer purity by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and pyrolysis GC-MS in many cases could not confirm WEEE-specific contamination; however, it can be used for purity measurements and for the suspicion of the usage of recycled fractions (WEEE and non-WEEE) as a third-line confirmation. To the best of our knowledge, the addition of WEEE waste to plastic FCMs is illegal; however, due to lack on screening mechanisms, there is still the breakthrough of such articles onto the market, and, therefore, our generic procedure enables the quick and effective screening of suspicious samples. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Environmental Impact of Flame Retardants (Persistence and Biodegradability)

Cited by 168 publications

References 79 publications

Reactive extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive detection of tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives

Reactive extractive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for sensitive detection of tetrabromobisphenol A derivatives

Temporal trends of PCBs, PCDD/Fs and PBDEs in soils from an E-waste dismantling area in East China

Towards a generic procedure for the detection of relevant contaminants from waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) in plastic food-contact materials: a review and selection of key parameters

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