Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment

Khordagui, Hosny; Al‐Ajmi, D.

doi:10.1007/bf02394670

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The distributions of intra-day as well as daily returns are standard, although a very high excess kurtosis of 104.561 for oil can be noted. This is caused by a single maximum value of a 16.3% return on January 19, 1991, the day when the worst intentional environmental damage ever was caused by the late Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein ordering a large amount of oil to be spilled into the Persian Gulf (for an assessment see Khordagui and Al-Ajmi, 1993). We show the development of the prices of the three assets in Figure 1.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold, oil, and stocks: Dynamic correlations

Baruník

Kočenda

Vácha

2016

International Review of Economics & Finance

120

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. We employ a wavelet approach and conduct a time-frequency analysis of dynamic correlations between pairs of key traded assets (gold, oil, and stocks) covering the period from 1987 to 2012. The analysis is performed on both intra-day and daily data. We show that heterogeneity in correlations across a number of investment horizons between pairs of assets is a dominant feature during times of economic downturn and financial turbulence for all three pairs of the assets under research. Heterogeneity prevails in correlations between gold and stocks. After the 2008 crisis, correlations among all three assets increase and become homogenous: the timing differs for the three pairs but coincides with the structural breaks that are identified in specific correlation dynamics. A strong implication emerges: during the period under research, and from a different-investment-horizons perspective, all three assets could be used in a well-diversified portfolio only during relatively short periods. Terms of use: Documents inJEL-Code: C010, C130, C580, F370, G110, G150.

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Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Gold, oil, and stocks: Dynamic correlations

Baruník

Kočenda

Vácha

2016

International Review of Economics & Finance

120

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“…Hydrocarbon contamination is unique and is one of the worst environmental disasters of recent times. Around 6-8 million barrels of crude oil Plants 2021, 10, 1945 2 of 13 were spilled into the marine and terrestrial environment, and approximately 2-3 million barrels of crude oil were burnt and released into the environment [5,6]. As a result of such hydrocarbon disturbance, three main types of hydrocarbon contamination are present in Kuwait's desert, namely, wet oil lake (WOL), dry oil lake (DOL), and tarcrete-contaminated sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Different Types of Hydrocarbon Disturbance on the Resiliency of Native Desert Vegetation in a War-Affected Area: A Case Study from the State of Kuwait

Kalander

Abdullah

Al-Bakri

2021

Plants

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This study assesses the impact of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration and soil parameters (heavy metals, chemical properties, and water-soluble boron) on the succession process of vegetation survival in the Al-Burgan oil field in Kuwait. A total of 145 soil samples were randomly collected from the three main types of hydrocarbon contamination, including dry oil lake (DOL), wet oil lake (WOL), and tarcrete. Sampling was also extended to noncontaminated bare soils that were considered reference sites. Remote-sensing data from Sentinel-2 were also processed to assess the level of contamination in relation to soil surface cover. The results showed that TPH concentration was significantly higher in WOL and DOL (87,961.4 and 35,740.6 mg/kg, respectively) compared with that in tarcrete (24,063.3 mg/kg), leading to a significant increase in soil minerals and heavy metals, greater than 50 mg/kg for Ba, and 10 mg/kg for V, Zn, Ni, and Cr. Such high concentrations of heavy metals massively affected the native vegetation’s resiliency at these sites (<5% vegetation cover). However, vegetation cover was significantly higher (60%) at tarcrete-contaminated sites, as TPH concentration was lower, almost similar to that in uncontaminated areas, especially at subsurface soil layers. The presence of vegetation at tarcrete locations was also associated with the lower concentration of Ba, V, Zn, Ni, and Cr. The growth of native vegetation was more likely related to the low concentration of TPH contamination at the subsurface layer of the soils in tarcrete sites, making them more suitable sites for restoration and revegetation planning. We concluded that further investigations are required to provide greater insight into the native plants’ phytoextraction potential and phytoremediation.

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“…Spills and leakages of these products occur regularly during exploration, transportation, refining, conflicts, vandalism, theft and storage. For example, during the Gulf war of 1991, between2 to 4 million barrels of crude oil was spilled into the Persian Gulf as Iraqi forces tried to block the landing of United States forces (Khordagui & Al-Ajmi, 1993). In 2010, there was a spill involving BP's Deepwater Horizon in which an estimated 3.19 million barrels of crude oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico over a three-month period (Zengel et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Identification of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria from Polluted Top Soil Samples in Oxford, Pennsylvania

Wonyengibarakemi¹,

Chikwem²,

Chikwem³

2019

AIJB

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Petroleum hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were isolated from two polluted sites in Oxford, Pennsylvania by enrichment techniques using Bushnell Hass medium. No isolate in this study utilized gasoline; however, two isolates utilized engine oil and three, utilized kerosene. Identification by Gram stain, morphological, biochemical, deoxyribonucleic acid and fatty acid methyl ester tests showed that three isolates were Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, one was Pseudomonas nitroreducens and the last was Achromobacterdenitrificans. This study corroborates that of other researchers that hydrocarbon degrading bacteria can be found in all types of contaminated and polluted environments; they can therefore be enriched and utilized for the remediation of oil polluted environments. We recommend that a culture bank for the collection and preservation of microorganisms specific for bioremediation be established to enable speedy access whenever cases of environmental pollution by oil products are reported.

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Environmental impact of the Gulf War: An integrated preliminary assessment

Cited by 42 publications

References 3 publications

Gold, oil, and stocks: Dynamic correlations

Gold, oil, and stocks: Dynamic correlations

The Impact of Different Types of Hydrocarbon Disturbance on the Resiliency of Native Desert Vegetation in a War-Affected Area: A Case Study from the State of Kuwait

Isolation and Identification of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degrading Bacteria from Polluted Top Soil Samples in Oxford, Pennsylvania

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