Environmental impacts of polypropylene (PP) production and prospects of its recycling in the GCC region

Alsabri, Amzan; Tahir, Furqan; Al‐Ghamdi, Sami G.

doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.574

Cited by 92 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…) is a potential substitute for petroleum-based plastic packaging material as it possesses high water and aroma (limonene and linalool) barrier properties while having comparable thermal and mechanical properties to that of polypropylene (PP) and lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) [15]. As PP and LDPE are applied extensively for packaging and consumables, which are highly disposable, the substitution with P(3HB-co-3HV) can contribute to reduced stable solid waste creation of petroleum-based plastics [47,48]. Unlike the augmented cytotoxicity by higher 3HV molar fraction, lower 3HV molar fraction causes high stereoregularity, slow crystallization rate, formation of large size spherulites, and secondary crystallization that are discouraging for packaging purposes [24,47,48].…”

Section: P(3hb-co-3hvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As PP and LDPE are applied extensively for packaging and consumables, which are highly disposable, the substitution with P(3HB-co-3HV) can contribute to reduced stable solid waste creation of petroleum-based plastics [47,48]. Unlike the augmented cytotoxicity by higher 3HV molar fraction, lower 3HV molar fraction causes high stereoregularity, slow crystallization rate, formation of large size spherulites, and secondary crystallization that are discouraging for packaging purposes [24,47,48]. Poly(butylene succinate), poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate), natural rubber, or other polymers with plasticizer or toughness properties can be incorporated to overcome the limitations and extend its application as packaging materials (Table 1).…”

Section: P(3hb-co-3hvmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review on the Economically Feasible and Sustainable Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production from Alkyl Alcohols

2022

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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (P(3HB-co-3HV)) is the most studied short-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) with high application importance in various fields. The domination of high-cost propionate and valerate over other 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV) precursors owing to their wide preference among PHA-producing bacteria has hindered the development of diverse production processes. As alkyl alcohols are mainly produced from inexpensive starting materials through oxo synthesis, they contribute a cost-effective advantage over propionate and valerate. Moreover, alkyl alcohols can be biosynthesized from natural substrates and organic wastes. Despite their great potential, their toxicity to most PHA-producing bacteria has been the major drawback for their wide implementation as 3HV precursors for decades. Although the standard PHA-producing bacteria Cupriavidus necator showed promising alcohol tolerance, the 3HV yield was discouraging. Continuous discovery of alkyl alcohols-utilizing PHA-producing bacteria has enabled broader choices in 3HV precursor selection for diverse P(3HB-co-3HV) production processes with higher economic feasibility. Besides continuous effort in searching for promising wild-type strains, genetic engineering to construct promising recombinant strains based on the understanding of the mechanisms involved in alkyl alcohols toxicity and tolerance is an alternative approach. However, more studies are required for techno-economic assessment to analyze the economic performance of alkyl alcohol-based production compared to that of organic acids.

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Section: P(3hb-co-3hvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: P(3hb-co-3hvmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on the Economically Feasible and Sustainable Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production from Alkyl Alcohols

2022

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“…One of them is polypropylene (code 05). Polypropylene is a thermoplastic polymer widely used in various applications, such as product packaging [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties Enhancement Nano Coconut Shell Filled in Packaging Plastic Waste Bionanocomposite

et al. 2022

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Plastic waste recycling has been proposed as a long-term solution to eliminate land and marine deposit. This study proposed a new approach to fabricate biocomposites of nano-sized fillers and low matrix compositions with a great performance by using plastic packaging waste different from the conventional biocomposite. Coconut shell, an agricultural waste, wasbonded with waste plastic to form a biocomposite with a coupling agent. The optimum percentage composition and the effect of coconut shell ball milling time on the properties of the biocomposite were studied with density, thickness swelling, porosity flexural strength, flexural modulus, compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results showed that the optimum performance of biocomposite was obtained at 30/70 (wt.%) plastic waste to coconut shell ratio, where 70 wt.% was the highest coconut shell composition that can be achieved. Furthermore, for 30 wt.% of polypropylene (low matrix), the performance of biocomposite improved significantly with milling time due to enhanced interaction between filler and matrix. As the milling time was increased from 0 to 40 h, the density increased from 0.9 to 1.02 g/cm3; thickness swelling decreased from 3.4 to 1.8%; porosity decreased from 7.0 to 3.0%; flexural strength increased from 8.19 to 12.26 MPa; flexural modulus increased from 1.67 to 2.87 GPa, and compressive strength increased from 16.00 to 27.20 MPa. The degradation temperature of biocomposite also increased as the milling duration increased from 0 to 40 h. The melting temperature increased significantly from 160 to 170 °C as the milling duration increased from 0 to 40 h. The depolymerisation occurred at 350 °C, which also increased with milling duration. This study revealed that the performance of biocomposite improved significantly with a lower percentage matrix and fillernanoparticle rather than increasing the percentage of the matrix. The nanocomposite can be used as a panelboard in industrial applications.

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“…Moreover, the evolution rate of social habits is quite slow, despite multiple policies and campaigns implemented by governments and protection agencies aimed at controlling and reducing the consumption and disposal of aftermarket plastics. Recent studies on petro-sources of chemicals used for the production of plastic packaging for consumable goods, such as ethylene, vinyl chloride, terephthalic acid and bisphenol-A, have reported that they have harmful effects on human health by promoting cancers, endocrine diseases, birth defects and many other ailments [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. This is because these chemicals are not completely covalently bonded to the polymer matrix, so they can be released easily at all stages of the plastics’ life-cycle either via migration into liquid or solid environments or via volatilization [ 17 , 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Degradable Poly(ether-ester)s from Melt-Polymerization of Aromatic Ester and Ether Diols

Djouonkep

Tchameni

Selabi

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Vanillin, as a promising aromatic aldehyde, possesses worthy structural and bioactive properties useful in the design of novel sustainable polymeric materials. Its versatility and structural similarity to terephthalic acid (TPA) can lead to materials with properties similar to conventional poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). In this perspective, a symmetrical dimethylated dialkoxydivanillic diester monomer (DEMV) derived from vanillin was synthesized via a direct-coupling method. Then, a series of poly(ether-ester)s were synthesized via melt-polymerization incorporating mixtures of phenyl/phenyloxy diols (with hydroxyl side-chains in the 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-positions) and a cyclic diol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM). The polymers obtained had high molecular weights (Mw = 5.3–7.9 × 104 g.mol−1) and polydispersity index (Đ) values of 1.54–2.88. Thermal analysis showed the polymers are semi-crystalline materials with melting temperatures of 204–240 °C, and tunable glass transition temperatures (Tg) of 98–120 °C. Their 5% decomposition temperature (Td,5%) varied from 430–315 °C, which endows the polymers with a broad processing window, owing to their rigid phenyl rings and trans-CHDM groups. These poly(ether-ester)s displayed remarkable impact strength and satisfactory gas barrier properties, due to the insertion of the cyclic alkyl chain moieties. Ultimately, the synergistic influence of the ester and ether bonds provided better control over the behavior and mechanism of in vitro degradation under passive and enzymatic incubation for 90 days. Regarding the morphology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging confirmed considerable surface degradation in the polymer matrices of both polymer series, with weight losses reaching up to 35% in enzymatic degradation, which demonstrates the significant influence of ether bonds for biodegradation.

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Environmental impacts of polypropylene (PP) production and prospects of its recycling in the GCC region

Cited by 92 publications

References 40 publications

A Critical Review on the Economically Feasible and Sustainable Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production from Alkyl Alcohols

A Critical Review on the Economically Feasible and Sustainable Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production from Alkyl Alcohols

Properties Enhancement Nano Coconut Shell Filled in Packaging Plastic Waste Bionanocomposite

Bio-Based Degradable Poly(ether-ester)s from Melt-Polymerization of Aromatic Ester and Ether Diols

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