Environmental Impacts of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Toughened Wood Fiber/Polylactide Composites: A Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment

Qiang, Tao Tao; Chou, Yaxuan; Gao, Honghong

doi:10.3390/ijerph16183402

Cited by 9 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Qiang et al compared the environmental impact load of untoughened PLA-based wood plastic composites (PLA/WPCs) with the styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) toughened PLA/WPCs. The SBS toughened PLA/WPCs displayed a reduced environmental impact load index with untoughened PLA/WPCs.…”

Section: Life Cycle Assessment Of Pla-based Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

2021

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The paper comprehensively reviews durable polylactic acid (PLA)-based engineered blends and biocomposites supporting a low carbon economy. The traditional fossil fuel derived nonrenewable durable plastics that cannot be circumvented have spawned increased environmental concerns because of the continuous rise of their carbon footprint during processing and disposal. It is anticipated that the production of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable (durable) plastics from the year 2020 to 2025 will rise ∼47% and ∼21%, respectively. The carbon footprint can be reduced in durable (nonrenewable) plastics by decreasing or replacing the “fossil carbon” content with “renewable carbon” content. The replacement will enable us to attain a sustainable environment, a low carbon footprint, energy security, and effective resource management. Thus, PLA-based durable products need to be developed with an enhanced service life that strikes a balance between environment-friendliness and product performance for engineering high-performance applications. The recent progress for enhancing the durability of PLA-based products consisting of hybrid nonrenewable and renewable carbon has been attained by incorporating synthetic plastics, synthetic fibers (glass and carbon), natural fibers, and other biofillers (biocarbon). Further, the effects of additives such as initiators, nucleating agents, chain extenders, compatibilizers, impact modifiers, and toughening agents to prepare such blends and composites have been discussed. This Review further critically examines the advances centering on processability, heat resistance, flame retardancy, strength, and toughness. In addition to that, current and prospective applications such as automotive, electronic, medical, textile, and housing of PLA-based products are discussed. However, the challenges for tailoring durable PLA-based products that still need to be addressed, such as improved processability, striking stiffness–toughness balance, enhanced heat resistance, and improved interfacial adhesion between the polymer–polymer, polymer–filler, and hybrid polymer–filler in respective polymer blends, composites, and hybrid composites, are summarized and analyzed in this Review. Hence, the opportunities for improvement to overcome the challenges lie ahead.

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Section: Life Cycle Assessment Of Pla-based Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

2021

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“…For example, the growing demand for these products has increased the extraction of raw materials to maintain and satisfy market requirements, increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to the long distances involved in transporting the products. Thus, it is possible to find pallets made of wood (traditional), plastic, fiberglass, and combinations of raw materials such as wood-plastic (Hassanzadeh-Amin et al 2018, Kočí 2019, Qiang et al 2019, Anil et al 2020, Khan et al 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon footprint of wooden and plastic pallets: A quantification with different software tools

Vásquez

Vásquez-Ibarra

Musule

et al. 2022

Maderas, Cienc. tecnol.

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Transport is one of the activities that generates the highest CO 2 eq emissions. In the particular case of Chile, it is the second economic activity that generates the greatest environmental impact. The safe and efficient transport of products in domestic and foreign markets is often carried out with the help of pallets made of various materials, such as wood or plastic, which goes hand in hand with different environmental performance in their production. That is why it is important to know the carbon footprint of these products. The objectives of this study are to compare the value of the carbon footprint generated by the local production of wooden and plastic pallets and to evaluate the variations in its quantification using different software. For this purpose, the Chilean market is taken as a reference. This study follows the main guidelines of ISO standards as a reference framework. The functional unit is 1 pallet produced and the system boundary is from cradle to gate. The results show that wood and plastic pallets have an average carbon footprint of 4,12 kg CO 2 eq and 38,85 kg CO 2 eq respectively. The difference between the two pallets is mainly due to the environmental load of the raw materials. The causes of the variation in the estimation of the carbon footprint with different software are specifically based on the databases with which they can work. The ratio of 1:9 between the carbon footprint of wooden pallets concerning plastic pallets provides important data for decision making.

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Environmental Impact of Wood Based Biocomposite Using Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

Ramesh

Mohit²,

Selvan

2021

Wood Polymer Composites

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Environmental Impacts of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Toughened Wood Fiber/Polylactide Composites: A Cradle-to-Gate Life Cycle Assessment

Cited by 9 publications

References 33 publications

Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

Durable Polylactic Acid (PLA)-Based Sustainable Engineered Blends and Biocomposites: Recent Developments, Challenges, and Opportunities

Carbon footprint of wooden and plastic pallets: A quantification with different software tools

Environmental Impact of Wood Based Biocomposite Using Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

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