Environmental influences on the shell mineralogy ofMytilus edulis

Hubbard, F. H.; McManus, John; Al-Dabbas, Moutaz A.

doi:10.1007/bf02462445

Cited by 19 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Results clearly highlight a dependency of calcification rates on pCO 2 and [CO 3 2− ] values for both species, although oysters appeared to be far less sensitive than mussels as shown by the lower slope of the lines between either pCO 2 or [CO 3 2− ] and net calcification. This can be partly explained by their different shell mineralogy, as the shell of Crassostrea gigas is mainly composed of calcite [ Stenzel , 1963], while the shell of Mytilus edulis can contain up to 83% of aragonite [ Hubbard et al , 1981]. Tables 1 and 2 list the parameters measured during each incubation (pH and TA), computed pCO 2 and CO 3 2− concentrations, as well as the computed calcite and aragonite saturation states.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification

Gazeau¹,

Quiblier²,

Jansen³

et al. 2007

Geophysical Research Letters

667

460

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[1] Ocean acidification resulting from human emissions of carbon dioxide has already lowered and will further lower surface ocean pH. The consequent decrease in calcium carbonate saturation potentially threatens calcareous marine organisms. Here, we demonstrate that the calcification rates of the edible mussel (Mytilus edulis) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) decline linearly with increasing pCO 2 . Mussel and oyster calcification may decrease by 25 and 10%, respectively, by the end of the century, following the IPCC IS92a scenario ($740 ppmv in 2100). Moreover, mussels dissolve at pCO 2 values exceeding a threshold value of $1800 ppmv. As these two species are important ecosystem engineers in coastal ecosystems and represent a large part of worldwide aquaculture production, the predicted decrease of calcification in response to ocean acidification will probably have an impact on coastal biodiversity and ecosystem functioning as well as potentially lead to significant economic loss.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification

Gazeau¹,

Quiblier²,

Jansen³

et al. 2007

Geophysical Research Letters

667

460

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“…Gazeau et al (2007) ascribed the observed difference in calcification under elevated CO 2 conditions to differences in shell mineralogy between the species. Adult oyster shells are mainly composed of calcite (Stenzel 1964), while adult mussel shells contain up to 83% aragonite (M. edulis; Hubbard et al 1981). Since the K* sp is larger for aragonite than for calcite, aragonite is less stable and therefore more soluble than calcite (Zeebe & Wolf-Gladrow 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of elevated pCO2 on early development in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Kurihara¹,

Asai²,

Kato³

et al. 2008

Aquat. Biol.

141

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We investigated the effects of seawater equilibrated with CO 2 -enriched air (2000 ppm, pH 7.4) on the early development of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mussel embryos were incubated for 144 h (6 d) in control and high-CO 2 seawater to compare embryogenesis, larval growth and morphology with ordinary light, polarized light, and scanning electron microscopy. Embryogenesis was unaffected by exposure to high-CO 2 seawater up to the trochophore stage, but development at the trochophore stage was delayed when the shell began to form. All veliger larvae of the high-CO 2 group showed morphological abnormalities such as convex hinge, protrusion of the mantle and malformation of shells. Larval height and length were 26 ± 1.9% and 20 ± 1.1% smaller, respectively, in the high-CO 2 group than in the control at 144 h. These results are consistent with our previous findings of CO 2 effects on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, although the severity of CO 2 damage appears to be less in M. galloprovincialis, possibly due to differing spawning seasons (oyster: summer; mussel: winter). Results from this and the previous study indicate that high CO 2 (2000 ppm) interferes with early development, particularly with larval shell synthesis, of bivalves; however, vulnerability to high CO 2 differs between species. Taken together with recent studies demonstrating negative impacts of high CO 2 on adult mussels and oysters, results imply a future decrease of bivalve populations in the oceans, unless acclimation to the predicted environmental alteration occurs.

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“…Along similar lines, many invertebrates have the capacity to alter the crystalline structure of their shells. Bivalves employ different polymorphs of CaCO 3 during various developmental stages (including amorphous CaCO 3 , aragonite and calcite) and incorporate different combinations of polymorphs as a function of environmental conditions (Hubbard et al, 1981; Al-Dabbas et al, 1984;Falini et al, 1996;Weiss et al, 2002; Addadi et al, 2003). Each of these changes has the potential to influence shell integrity.…”

Section: Functional Costs Of Ocean Acidificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species

Gaylord

Hill

Sanford

et al. 2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

216

182

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SUMMARYAnthropogenic CO 2 is reducing the pH and altering the carbonate chemistry of seawater, with repercussions for marine organisms and ecosystems. Current research suggests that calcification will decrease in many species, but compelling evidence of impaired functional performance of calcium carbonate structures is sparse, particularly in key species. Here we demonstrate that ocean acidification markedly degrades the mechanical integrity of larval shells in the mussel Mytilus californianus, a critical community member on rocky shores throughout the northeastern Pacific. Larvae cultured in seawater containing CO 2 concentrations expected by the year 2100 (540 or 970ppm) precipitated weaker, thinner and smaller shells than individuals raised under presentday seawater conditions (380ppm), and also exhibited lower tissue mass. Under a scenario where mussel larvae exposed to different CO 2 levels develop at similar rates, these trends suggest a suite of potential consequences, including an exacerbated vulnerability of new settlers to crushing and drilling attacks by predators; poorer larval condition, causing increased energetic stress during metamorphosis; and greater risks from desiccation at low tide due to shifts in shell area to body mass ratios. Under an alternative scenario where responses derive exclusively from slowed development, with impacted individuals reaching identical milestones in shell strength and size by settlement, a lengthened larval phase could increase exposure to high planktonic mortality rates. In either case, because early life stages operate as population bottlenecks, driving general patterns of distribution and abundance, the ecological success of this vital species may be tied to how ocean acidification proceeds in coming decades.Key words: biomineralization, early survivorship, environmental change, form and function, shell properties. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY Impaired larval shell integrityPotential tradeoffs among calcification and other physiological responses are likewise poorly understood (Hofmann and Todgham, 2010). Most marine calcifiers can increase fluid pH and carbonate ion concentration at the site of crystal nucleation, which enables synthesis of shells and/or skeletons even when external seawater parameters are thermodynamically unfavorable for the formation of CaCO 3 (Cohen and Holcomb, 2009). Maintenance of local conditions that differ from those of surrounding waters, however, often depends on active ion transport that is energetically costly (Palmer, 1992; Cohen and Holcomb, 2009). Whether OA-induced energetic expenditures require that organisms differentially prioritize certain physiological processes is largely unknown (Widdicomb and Spicer, 2008). In shell-forming species, for instance, it is unclear whether decreased growth arises from somatic resources being redirected to fortify the shell or as a direct consequence of acidified seawater. If OA reduces both growth and shell integrity, it is uncertain which might be degraded more strongly.Such que...

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Environmental influences on the shell mineralogy ofMytilus edulis

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification

Effects of elevated pCO2 on early development in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species

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Environmental influences on the shell mineralogy ofMytilus edulis

Cited by 19 publications

References 11 publications

Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification

Impact of elevated CO2 on shellfish calcification

Effects of elevated pCO2 on early development in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Functional impacts of ocean acidification in an ecologically critical foundation species

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Product

Resources

About

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification

Impact of elevated CO₂ on shellfish calcification