Environmental influences on the vegetation of New Zealand

Wardle, P.

doi:10.1080/0028825x.1985.10434242

Cited by 66 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These movements have led to the scattered persistence of relatively warm or wet habitats, often moderated by oceanic climates (4), which appear to be reflected in aspects of modern vegetation. Trees living in Southern Hemisphere temperate forests are not as cold tolerant as many Northern Hemisphere temperate species (4,39), and most southern conifers prefer relatively wet environments (10, but also see ref. 40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemisphere-scale differences in conifer evolutionary dynamics

Leslie

Beaulieu

Hardeep

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

289

361

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Fundamental differences in the distribution of oceans and landmasses in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres potentially impact patterns of biological diversity in the two areas. The evolutionary history of conifers provides an opportunity to explore these dynamics, because the majority of extant conifer species belong to lineages that have been broadly confined to the Northern or Southern Hemisphere during the Cenozoic. Incorporating genetic information with a critical review of fossil evidence, we developed an age-calibrated phylogeny sampling ∼80% of living conifer species. Most extant conifer species diverged recently during the Neogene within clades that generally were established during the later Mesozoic, but lineages that diversified mainly in the Southern Hemisphere show a significantly older distribution of divergence ages than their counterparts in the Northern Hemisphere. Our tree topology and divergence times also are best fit by diversification models in which Northern Hemisphere conifer lineages have higher rates of species turnover than Southern Hemisphere lineages. The abundance of recent divergences in northern clades may reflect complex patterns of migration and range shifts during climatic cycles over the later Neogene leading to elevated rates of speciation and extinction, whereas the scattered persistence of mild, wetter habitats in the Southern Hemisphere may have favored the survival of older lineages.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemisphere-scale differences in conifer evolutionary dynamics

Leslie

Beaulieu

Hardeep

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

289

361

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…As explained by Ogden and Stewart (1995) and Ogden et al (1996), regeneration of the conifer and angiosperm components in these forests can be understood to respond to disturbances of opposing spatial and temporal extents and frequencies; this dynamic highlights the importance of Grubb's (1977) 'regeneration niche' in community dynamics, while also removing the problem of the perceived 'conifer regeneration gap' that received much attention in the literature (e.g. Holloway 1954;Wardle 1978Wardle , 1985. The role of species' regeneration niches is also evident at smaller extents, such as in the dynamics of the forests where L. menziesii and Fuscospora co-occur (Hurst et al 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Zealand forest dynamics: a review of past and present vegetation responses to disturbance, and development of conceptual forest models

Wyse¹,

Wilmshurst²,

Burns³

et al. 2018

NZ J Ecol

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New Zealand forests have been and are shaped by a suite of disturbance types that vary in both their spatial extent and frequency of recurrence. Post-disturbance forest dynamics can be complex, non-linear, and involve multiple potential pathways depending on the nature of a perturbation, site conditions, and history. To capture the full range of spatial and temporal dynamics that shape forest ecosystems in a given area, we need to use and synthesise data sources that collectively capture all the relevant space-time scales. Here we integrate palaeoecological data with contemporary ecological evidence to build conceptual models describing post-disturbance dynamics in New Zealand (NZ) forests, encompassing large temporal and spatial scales. We review NZ forest disturbance regimes, focussing primarily on geological and geomorphic disturbances and weather-related disturbances but also considering the role of anthropogenic disturbance in shaping present-day NZ forests. Combining information from 58 studies of post-disturbance forest succession, we derive conceptual models and describe forest communities and forest change for conifer-angiosperm (including kauri forest), and beech forests (pure and mixed). The methods used in these studies included chronosequences, assessments of stand dynamics, longitudinal studies, palaeoecological reconstructions, and comparisons with historical observations; the temporal range of the studies extended from 15 years to millennia (c. 14 000 years BP). Our models capture the generalities of NZ forest dynamics, and can be used to support modelling and help guide decision-making in areas such as ecosystem restoration. However, this generality limits model resolution, meaning the models do not always portray the specific features of individual sites and successional pathways. There is, therefore, scope for more detailed, site-specific development and refinement of these frameworks. Finally, our models capture successional pathways and native plant communities from the past and present; invasive species, climate change, and exotic plant pathogens are likely to alter future forest dynamics in novel and unpredictable ways. These models, however, provide us with baselines against which to interpret and assess the impacts of such effects on forest composition and processes.

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“…The forest forms a belt from the valley bottoms at 600 m elevation to the tree-line at about 1400 m [23] and is composed solely of mountain beech. A sequence of large-scale disturbances of tree structure and dynamics have affected this forest over the past 40 years.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disturbance affects short-term facilitation, but not long-term saturation, of exotic plant invasion in New Zealand forest

et al. 2010

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We investigate the spread of an exotic herb, Hieracium lepidulum, into a New Zealand Nothofagus forest with the aim of understanding how stand-development of tree populations, propagule pressure and invader persistence, affect invasion across the landscape and within communities. Using data repeatedly collected over 35 years, from 250 locations, we parametrize continuous-time Markov chain models and use these models to examine future projections of the invasion under a range of hypothetical scenarios. We found that the probability of invasion into a stand was relatively high following canopy disturbance and that local abundance of Hieracium was promoted by minor disturbances. However, model predictions extrapolated 45 years into the future show that neither the rate of landscape-level invasion, nor local population growth of Hieracium, was affected much by changing the frequency of canopy disturbance events. Instead, invasion levels were strongly affected by the ability of Hieracium to persist in the understorey following forest canopy closure, and by propagule supply from streams, forest edges and plants already established within the stand. Our results show that disturbance frequency has surprisingly little influence on the long-term trajectory of invasion, while invader persistence strongly determines invasion patterns.

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Environmental influences on the vegetation of New Zealand

Cited by 66 publications

References 26 publications

Hemisphere-scale differences in conifer evolutionary dynamics

Hemisphere-scale differences in conifer evolutionary dynamics

New Zealand forest dynamics: a review of past and present vegetation responses to disturbance, and development of conceptual forest models

Disturbance affects short-term facilitation, but not long-term saturation, of exotic plant invasion in New Zealand forest

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