Environmental Issues of the Caspian

Numerical analysis of water circulation and thermohaline structures in the Caspian Sea

“…The Caspian Sea has a unique ecosystem that consists of endemic sturgeons, valuable commercial fishes, and any other renewable biological resources [1]. This is because the Caspian Sea has been isolated for over 1.8 million years in brackish water [2], the mean salinity of which is 12 or 13 psu.…”

Sustainable Use of the Southern Seas of Russia in the Context of Climatic, Environmental and Technogenic Challenges

“…Промышленное освоение нефтегазовых ресурсов Каспия ввиду разработки недавно открытых очень крупных месторождений нефти, а также её транспортировки на мировые рынки стано-вится основным источником антропогенно-го воздействия на окружающую среду Ка-спийского моря [22][23][24][25].…”

Weather & Climate Services for the Energy Industry

“…Traditionally, climate has not played a particularly big role in this kind of decisions, but the rapidity of the climatic changes and our growing capacity to predict some of them mean that this information is now playing a much more prominent role (Arnell and Delaney 2006;Larsen et al 2008). For example, the viability of drilling and refining operations around the Caspian Sea (Zonn 2005) or the Persian Gulf will depend on a combination of freshwater availability, sea level rise and maximum daily temperature. Similarly, an investment decision in Floating Production, Storage and Offloading (FPSO) platform may be affected by the predicted change in wave conditions in the area as this can directly affect its design and ultimately the cost and possibly the return on investment of the infrastructure (Fonseca et al 2010;Zou et al 2014).…”