Environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in the case of tourism island states: The moderating role of globalization

Abstract

This article examines the relationship between carbon emissions and international tourism growth through the channels of globalization and real income via testing the Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) over the periods of 1995 to 2016 for 16 selected tourism island states (TIS) that prioritized tourism as a means of maximizing economic growth. Using the dynamic panel‐based pooled mean group method of autoregressive distributed lag, results confirm globalization‐tourism‐induced EKC hypothesis for TIS. This implies international tourism growth and carbon emissions, through the channels of globalization and real income are in a long‐term equilibrium relationship. International tourism and squared term of real income have an inverse significant effect on carbon emission level, while globalization and real income without squared term exert positive and significant effects on carbon emissions level in the long run. Results of the direction of causality tests show that there is a two‐way causality between globalization and carbon emissions, while result also shows one‐way causality running from international tourism to carbon emissions level in the long‐run in the case of the TIS. Thus, globalization‐tourism‐induced EKC hypothesis is suggested in the case of TIS.

Carbon Dioxide Emission Measurement and Its Spatiotemporal Evolution of Tourism Industry in Heilongjiang Province, China

“…In addition, scholars are also concerned about the relationship between the carbon dioxide emissions of the tourism industry and its economic growth. Akadiri et al [24] studied the relationship between the carbon emissions of 16 tourist island countries and the growth of international tourism from 1995 to 2016 and proved that there is a twoway causal relationship between globalization and carbon emissions. Wang et al [25] believed that there is a long-term cointegration relationship between economic growth in the tourism industry and carbon dioxide emissions.…”

Do Tourism Development and Globalization Reinforce Ecological Footprint? Evidence From RCEP Countries

“…For example, Mikayilov et al (2019), and Godil et al (2020) found that TO positively drives environmental degradation in Azerbaijan and Turkey, respectively, while Kongbuamai et al (2020), and Khoi et al (2021) presented an increase in TO leads to an increase in environmental quality in Thailand and Singapore. In addition, Akadiri, Uzuner, et al (2020) confirmed that international tourism and squared term of GDP have a significant inverse effect, while GLOB and GDP without squared term positively drive carbon emissions in 16 selected tourism island states. As a result, scholars (e.g., Alola et al, 2019) urge the need to investigate such a relationship in specific regions and areas to foster proper policy development.…”

Role of Eco-Innovation and Tourism towards Carbon Neutrality in the Czech Republic

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