Environmental Monitoring Based on the Wireless Sensor Networking Technology

Abstract

This paper investigates real-life environmental monitoring applications based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Wireless sensor networking is an emerging technology, which through the research in the labs and the real deployments has proved to be a significant and valuable tool for scientists in their effort to explore various environmental phenomena. During the last decades, this wireless networking technology has been adopted by many scientific fields in order to accurately and effectively monitor climate phenomena such as air pollution, destruction phenomena (i.e., landslides), etc. It has also been widely used in agriculture as well as in horticulture for field monitoring. This paper provides a critical overview of the basic components existing WSN deployments use. It also categorizes these deployments, 111 in total, into five different field categories, namely agricultural monitoring, environmental monitoring, air-water pollution monitoring, monitoring of destruction phenomena, as well as monitoring of livestock, and wild animal, in order to provide a general view of the technologies used, the conditions under which the deployments were conducted, and much more. Then, five easy-to-use guides are provided discussing basic considerations for deploying WSNs in each of these fields. These guides cover various issues, such as sensor node platforms, operating systems (OSs), topologies, installation and maintenance issues, and much more. In order to showcase the usefulness of consulting the resulted guides, this work considers representative application scenarios for each of these field deployments.

Enhancing Reactive Ad Hoc Routing Protocols with Trust

“…This is a typical case for wireless sensor networks that represent a special class of ad hoc networks [18]. The real-world applications of such networks include monitoring of air pollution, destruction phenomena, agricultural monitoring, and more [19]. The common property of all these use cases is that there is always one dedicated node collecting data from other nodes that act as sensors.…”

SPD-Safe: security, privacy and dependability management on embedded systems in safety-critical applications

“…According to the United Nations Environment Programme and the International Fund for Agricultural Development 12 around 2.5 billion people live from agricultural production systems. Research and governmental initiatives try to increase productivity and consumer's safety by applying IoT technologies to monitor weather and crop growth [131] and CPS to manage production systems, like watering [132] and spraying pesticides with UAVs [133].…”