“…Bees biosynthesize limited types of enzymes endogenously that can be enhanced by phytochemicals, but a large pool of candidate bacteria could generate more types of enzymes to efficiently detoxify various pesticides that bees cannot. Bees obtain exogenous bacteria from natural food (namely, horizontal transmission) or endogenous bacteria mainly from former generations (vertical transmission), with the latter being dominant in eusocial bees (honey bees and bumble bees) in nature. ,, In addition, more exogenous bacteria may be used for probiotic formulations that are (1) found in the environment (soil, water, or sediment) and selected for bioremediation of pesticide-contaminated environments, (2) found in plants, animals, and insects that evolved to be capable of detoxifying pesticides, or (3) currently used in probiotics for humans, animals, and bees. ,− A series of bacteria have demonstrated the capacity to detoxify pyrethroids, − organophosphates, ,, neonicotinoids, − a combination of several insecticides, and herbicides and fungicides (Supporting Information Table 2). More bacterial candidates can be discovered by genomic and omic technology as well as microbe databases. ,,− …”