Environmental Policies and Strategic Communication in Iran: The Value of Public Opinion Research in Decisionmaking

Abstract

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Awareness, Attitude, and Concerns of Workers and Stakeholders of an Environmental Organization Toward the Environment

“…5. Opinion about current environmental legislations/ laws (Calabrese et al, 2008). A total of four statements were used targeting the adequacy of current laws for preventing environmental degradation, level of enforcing these laws, and whether they could cover the ordinary people or whether there is a need to pass more laws to protect the environment.…”

“…Worry (concern) about environmental problems that arise due to lack of adoption of integrated environmental management (IEM) systems. A Worry scale composed of eight statements, each concerned with one environmental problem, was applied (Calabrese et al, 2008). The scale targeted worries about reuse of treated wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture, reuse of composted sludge in agriculture, contamination of public water bodies and fisheries, odor emissions, densification and network overloads, sewer overflows in rainy seasons, and the severe adverse health problems.…”

“…Increased knowledge about the environment is assumed to change environmental attitudes, and both environmental knowledge and attitudes are assumed to influence environmental policy. The investigation of public environmental attitudes is common in the developed, Western countries (Hinds, Carmichael, & Snowling, 2002); however, in developing countries, little research has focused on public environmental knowledge or the relationship between knowledge and environmental attitudes (Calabrese, Kalantari, Santucci, & Stanghellini, 2008;Tuna, 2004).…”

Environmental protection and local resident attitudes at early stages of tourism development

“…It was shown in other studies in Iran that considering all stakeholders' interests can result in achieving both local community development and conservation goals (Zarandian et al, 2017). It is also argued that DOE has been more successful in solving environmental issues when involved in collaboration with other government bodies (Calabrese et al, 2008). In general, to develop a comprehensive development plan to bring a balance between community development and environmental conservation around protected areas, there is a need for all the stakeholders, such as the different government bodies to work together.…”

“…Other studies have found that in Iran, environmental issues are not usually considered as significant as other socioeconomic problems (Calabrese, Kalantari, Santucci, & Stanghellini, 2008;Kolahi et al, 2014).…”