“…Built upon a solid foundation of the production theory, the Malmquist index can measure and decompose TFP (especially green TFP in recent years) growth in production units from consumer durables (e.g., Zhou, 2018) to individual firms or establishments (e.g., He et al, 2013;Arabi et al, 2014;Boussemart et al, 2019), sectors (e.g., Kuosmanen, 2013;Emrouznejad & Yang, 2016), and regions or countries (e.g., Aparicio et al, 2017;Du et al, 2018). In addition to TFP measures, the decomposition of economic efficiency to allocative, technical, and scale efficiency components has received continuous and significant attention (see, e.g., Färe et al, 2019).…”