Environmental Restoration of Contaminated Sediment and Soils: The Role of Organic Amendments in PAH Remediation

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous; persistent environmental pollutants generated mostly during the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Because of the dangers that bioavailable PAH fraction pose to receptors, the necessity of the site, the degree of exposure, and the potential for toxicity, remediation of PAH-contaminated locations is crucial. Recent findings suggest that organic amendments, such as compost, manure, and cover crops, play a crucial role in improving soil/sediment health by increasing organic matter content, enhancing structure, fostering beneficial microbial activity, and removing the pollutants. Moreover, they contribute to nutrient cycling and retention, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers, and mitigating their adverse effects on the environment. In summary, it is considered that organic amendments offer promising solutions for sustainable remediation, restoration, and agriculture practise, promoting soil/sediment health and productivity while reducing environmental impacts. However, there remains a critical gap in understanding the effects of these materials, their preparation and application into the environment on groundwater quality, and their long-term impacts on sediment, water, and soil quality. This review paper aims to identify future research directions and open further questions based on what has been published so far in this area. Graphical Abstract