Environmental Risk Factors for Infection with Mycobacterium avium Complex

Reed, Carrie; Reyn, C. Fordham von; Chamblee, Sandra; Ellerbrock, Tedd V.; Johnson, Johnny; Marsh, Bryan J.; Johnson, Linda S.; Trenschel, Robert J.; Horsburgh, C. Robert

doi:10.1093/aje/kwj159

Cited by 90 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The prevalence of environmental mycobacteria is also known to vary greatly with soil characteristics [159,160]. While in the USA, BCG has never been used on a large scale, in those areas in which it was used in a clinical trial, its lasting superimposed effect on test specificity can be seen, even many years after the trial.…”

Section: Test Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus

Kamphorst²,

et al. 2010

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Contact investigation to identify individuals with tuberculosis and latent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important component of tuberculosis control in low tuberculosis incidence countries. This document provides evidence-based and best-practice policy recommendations for contact tracing among high-and medium-priority contacts in a variety of settings. It provides a basis for national guidelines on contact investigation and tuberculosis outbreak management, and should support countries and tuberculosis control managers in evaluating and revising national policies. A review of existing guidelines, a literature search, several meetings and consultation with experts were used to formulate and grade recommendations for action during contact investigation.Available tests to identify individuals with latent infection with M. tuberculosis are designed to identify immune response against mycobacterial antigens and have variable predictive value for the likelihood to develop active tuberculosis in different populations. Contact investigation should therefore be limited to situations with a clear likelihood of transmission or to those with a higher probability of developing active tuberculosis, for instance, young children and immunocompromised persons. A risk assessment-based approach is recommended, where the need to screen contacts is prioritised on the basis of the infectiousness of the index case, intensity of exposure and susceptibility of contacts.

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Section: Test Specificitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus

Kamphorst²,

et al. 2010

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“…Detailed descriptions of the survey methods have been previously reported (21)(22)(23). Between January 1998 and October 2000, a randomized population-based tuberculin skin test survey was performed in a rural area of western Palm Beach County, Florida.…”

Section: Community Surveymentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

Horsburgh¹,

O’Donnell²,

Chamblee³

et al. 2010

Am J Respir Crit Care Med

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131

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Rationale: Reactivation tuberculosis (TB) occurs as a result of reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), and was reported to occur in the United States at a rate of 0.10 to 0.16 cases per 100 person-years in the 1950s; it has not been measured since. Objectives: To calculate the rate of reactivation TB in a U.S. community. Methods: A population-based tuberculin skin test survey for LTBI was performed in western Palm Beach County, Florida, from 1998 to 2000 along with a cluster analysis of TB case isolates in the same area from 1997 to 2001. Reactivation (unclustered) TB was presumed to have arisen from the population with LTBI. Measurements and Main Results: The rate of reactivation TB among persons with LTBI without HIV infection was 0.040 cases per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval ½CI, 0.024-0.067) using the n method and 0.058 cases per 100 person-years (95% CI, 0.038-0.089) using the n-1 method. HIV infection was the strongest risk factor for reactivation (rate ratio ½RR, 57; 95% CI, 27-120; P , 0.001). Among persons without HIV infection, reactivation was increased among those older than 50 years (RR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.3-11) and among those born in the United States (RR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-9.3). Conclusions: Rates of reactivation TB in this area have declined substantially since the 1950s. The greatest part of this decline may be attributed to the disappearance of old, healed TB in the population. If similar declines are seen in other areas of the United States, the cost-effectiveness of screening and treatment of LTBI may be substantially less than previously estimated.

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“…Some studies implicate water as the source of infection, especially in HIVinfected individuals (16,17,36). Van Coppenraet et al (50) could not find a link between pet birds and the incidence of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in children, concluding that infection can occur from any environmental source, while other authors have found a strong correlation between soil and mycobacterial infection (7,38,56 (25,35,50). Although M. avium subsp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“ Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis ” in Neck Lymph Nodes of Children and their Environment Examined by Culture and Triplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR

et al. 2011

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"Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis" often causes cervical lymphadenitis in children; its prompt and accurate identification enables adequate therapy, tracing, and prevention. The aims of this study were to determine the causative agent of lymphadenitis using culture, PCR, and triplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) methods with DNA directly isolated from tissue, as well as to identify possible sources of infection from the environment. We confirmed the diagnoses by detecting M. avium subsp. hominissuis using qPCR with DNA directly isolated from lymph node biopsy specimens of two patients. In order to trace the source of infection from the environment, a method of DNA isolation from soil and other environmental samples, such as dust, cobwebs, and compost, was developed. The triplex qPCR examination revealed the presence of M. avium subsp. hominissuis in a high proportion of the environmental samples (42.8% in the first patient's house and 47.6% in the second patient's house). Both patients were also exposed to M. avium subsp. avium, which was present due to the breeding of infected domestic hens. The high infectious dose of M. avium subsp. hominissuis or the increased susceptibility of humans to M. avium subsp. hominissuis compared to M. avium subsp. avium could be the reason why the children were infected with M. avium subsp. hominissuis.

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Environmental Risk Factors for Infection with Mycobacterium avium Complex

Cited by 90 publications

References 27 publications

Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus

Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus

Revisiting Rates of Reactivation Tuberculosis

“ Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis ” in Neck Lymph Nodes of Children and their Environment Examined by Culture and Triplex Quantitative Real-Time PCR

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