Environmental risks to freshwater organisms from the mycotoxins deoxynivalenol and zearalenone using Species Sensitivity Distributions

Toxicity of zearalenone and its nutritional intervention by natural products

“…However, ZEN found in water is at very low levels, and therefore may contribute only a little to the total estrogen activity in the environment. 44,45 However, the presence of ZEN in the natural habitat of some aquatic organisms may enhance their estro-genic endocrine disruption. [45][46][47] Fusarium fungi are the most common toxin-producing fungi in the north temperate zone and are commonly found in cereals grown in temperate regions.…”

“…44,45 However, the presence of ZEN in the natural habitat of some aquatic organisms may enhance their estro-genic endocrine disruption. [45][46][47] Fusarium fungi are the most common toxin-producing fungi in the north temperate zone and are commonly found in cereals grown in temperate regions. [48][49][50] ZEN has been detected in food and feed in Asia, Europe, Africa, America, and other regions (Table 1).…”

Biodegradation of Deoxynivalenol by Nocardioides sp. ZHH-013: 3-keto-Deoxynivalenol and 3-epi-Deoxynivalenol as Intermediate Products

“…Issues with planting, processing, and warehouse management can cause DON pollution and reduce production yields ( Bai and Shaner, 2004 ). DON has been found to be enriched in water from contaminated cereals during wet processing, in rainwater in the field, and in polluted water from animal farms ( Wettstein and Bucheli, 2010 ; Gracia-Lor et al, 2020 ; Eagles et al, 2021 ).…”