Environmental sampling of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) trees in Spain reveals the presence of the rare Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV

Linares, Carlos Eduardo Blanco; Colom, María Francisca; Torreblanca, Marina; Esteban, Violeta; Romera, A.; Hagen, Ferry

doi:10.1016/j.riam.2014.11.002

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Although cryptococcosis is primarily associated with the C. neoformans species complex in Europe, the role of the C. gattii species complex could be even more significant in view of the outbreak of cryptococcosis in the north Pacific coast of Canada and the United States, affecting healthy individuals and generating serious concern among scientific, clinical, and public health institutions in the last years (Harris, Lockhart, & Chiller, ; Kidd et al., ). Recent environmental surveys carried out in Europe and in the Mediterranean area showed the presence of both Cryptococcus species complexes in several tree species, confirming the importance of trees as a natural niche and reservoir of these fungal pathogens (Chowdhary et al., ; Cogliati et al., ; Colom et al., ; Hagen et al., ; Linares et al., ; Mahmoud, ; Mseddi et al., ). As the survival rate of these agents in the environment depends highly on environmental conditions, previous studies have estimated their fundamental niche requirement, allowing the determination of a distribution range in the continent (Cogliati et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Spatial Quantification of the Population Exposed to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Europe: Estimating the Immunocompetent and HIV/AIDS Patients Under Risk

Alaniz

Carvajal²,

Carvajal³

et al. 2019

Risk Analysis

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Cryptococcus is an important fungal pathogen worldwide, causing serious clinical manifestations that can affect immunocompetent patients and can be particularly severe for immunocompromised patients. The Cryptococcus gattii s.s. (AFLP4/VGI), Cryptococcus tetragattii (AFLP/VGIV), Cryptococcus neoformans, and Cryptococcus deneoformans have been isolated from both clinical and environmental sources in Europe. We aim to quantify the people in Europe and the entire Mediterranean area who are under risk associated with each of the three fungal pathogens in a spatially explicit way, generating a series of maps and population statistics per country. Niche modeling was applied to estimate the potential distribution of each fungal pathogen, then these models were overlapped with a map of population density to estimate risk levels. The potential number of people per risk level and per country was quantified using a map of population count per pixel. Prevalence of HIV per country was also included in the analysis to quantify the HIV‐infected population under potential risk. People under risk associated with exposure to C. gattii species (C. gattii s.s. and C. tetragattii) reached 137.65 million, whereas those exposed to C. neoformans and C. deneoformans were 268.58 and 360.78 million people, respectively. More than a half million HIV‐infected patients are exposed to each of the two species of the C. neoformans species complex, and more than 200,000 to the C. gattii species complex. The present results can be useful for public health planning by European governments, focusing on the provision of inputs for a “screen‐and‐treat” approach, availability of medical resources, and continuous monitoring programs in risk zones.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Spatial Quantification of the Population Exposed to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Europe: Estimating the Immunocompetent and HIV/AIDS Patients Under Risk

Alaniz

Carvajal²,

Carvajal³

et al. 2019

Risk Analysis

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“…For example, the study by Randhawa et al in 2003 reported decomposed wood in Ficus religiosa trees as an environmental source of C. gattii [73]. These findings indicate that these tree species could be a natural habitat for C. gattii complex [94], describing them as reservoirs for this yeast species [65,97,98]. The C. gattii complex is difficult to isolate from the environment [99,100].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia

Briggith-Nathalia

Guzmán-Sanabria

Forero-Castro

et al. 2021

JoF

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The genus Cryptococcus comprises more than 80 species, including C. neoformans and C. gattii, which are pathogenic to humans, mainly affecting the central nervous system. The two species differ in geographic distribution and environmental niche. C. neoformans has a worldwide distribution and is often isolated from bird droppings. On the contrary, C. gattii is reported in tropical and subtropical regions and is associated with Eucalyptus species. This review aims to describe the distribution of environmental isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex and the Cryptococcus gattii species complex in Colombia. A systematic investigation was carried out using different databases, excluding studies of clinical isolates reported in the country. The complex of the species of C. gattii is recovered mainly from trees of the genus Eucalyptus spp., while the complex of the species of C. neoformans is recovered mainly from avian excrement, primarily Columba livia (pigeons) excrement. In addition, greater positivity was found at high levels of relative humidity. Likewise, an association was observed between the presence of the fungus in places with little insolation and cold or temperate temperatures compared to regions with high temperatures.

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“…Most of the clinical isolates from Europe, Asia and Australia are C. gattii s.s , whereas in North and South America C. deuterogattii and C. bacillisporus are more prevalent . Cryptococcus tetragattii is predominant in southern part of Africa and also reported from India, Mexico, Colombia, Puerto Rico, Spain . Although in India, C. gattii s.l .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Central nervous system infection due to Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato in India: Analysis of clinical features, molecular profile and antifungal susceptibility

Mukhopadhyay

Bahubali

Netravathi

et al. 2017

Mycoses

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Cryptococcus gattii species complex has evolved as a pathogen in the last two decades causing infection among both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. We aimed to analyse the clinical features of CNS infection caused by C. gattii sensu lato, molecular and antifungal susceptibility profile of this pathogen. Cases diagnosed to have CNS cryptococcosis were included in the study. Cryptococcus recovered from patient's specimen was identified by standard protocol. Species confirmation, mating type and molecular type determination were performed by PCR based methods. Antifungal susceptibility was tested in VITEK2C to amphotericin B, 5-flucytosine, fluconazole and voriconazole. Among 199 cases, 20 (10%) were due to C. gattii, comprising of 75% cryptococcal meningitis and 25% cryptococcoma cases. Young adult males were commonly affected. Headache and vomiting were prominent symptoms and 50% were immunocompromised. Among the isolates, 75%, 20% and 5% were C. tetragattii, C. gattii sensu stricto and C. bacillisporus respectively and all had mating type α. Four (20%) isolates of C. tetragattii and the only isolate of C. bacillisporus were resistant to fluconazole. The most common species isolated from south India is C. tetragattii. The study contributes to the epidemiology of C. gattii and reiterates the need for genotyping and antifungal susceptibility testing.

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Environmental sampling of Ceratonia siliqua (carob) trees in Spain reveals the presence of the rare Cryptococcus gattii genotype AFLP7/VGIV

Cited by 17 publications

References 22 publications

Spatial Quantification of the Population Exposed to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Europe: Estimating the Immunocompetent and HIV/AIDS Patients Under Risk

Spatial Quantification of the Population Exposed to Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Europe: Estimating the Immunocompetent and HIV/AIDS Patients Under Risk

Environmental Status of Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii in Colombia

Central nervous system infection due to Cryptococcus gattii sensu lato in India: Analysis of clinical features, molecular profile and antifungal susceptibility

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