Environmental Sources of Prion Transmission in Mule Deer

Miller, Michael W.; Williams, Elizabeth; Hobbs, N. Thompson; Wolfe, Lisa L.

doi:10.3201/eid1006.040010

Cited by 446 publications

(381 citation statements)

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“…Given that environmental contamination with CWD prions likely occurs [55], domestic ruminants may be exposed to CWD through common grazing areas. However, sheep and cattle appear to be poorly susceptible to mule deer CWD: ic inoculation with mule deer CWD succeeded to infect only 2 of 8 sheep [28].…”

Section: Interspecies Cwd Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, in a breakthrough finding, saliva from CWD-infected deer was shown to transmit prion disease [50]. An additional experiment by Miller et al showed that CWDinfected carcasses allowed to decay naturally in confined pastures can lead to CWD infections in captive deer, demonstrating the potential for environmental contamination to spread infection [55]. Modelling studies have provided further support that environmental contamination is likely playing a significant role in transmitting CWD [53,56].…”

Section: Disease Control Challenges Posed By Cwdmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease

2008

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-Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease of deer, elk, and moose, initially recognized in Colorado mule deer. The discovery of CWD beyond the borders of Colorado and Wyoming, in Canada and as far east as New York, has led to its emergence as a prion disease of international importance. Epidemiological studies indicate that CWD is horizontally transmitted among free-ranging animals, potentially indirectly by prion-containing secreta or excreta contaminating the environment. Experimental CWD transmission attempts to other wild and domestic mammals and to transgenic mice expressing the prion protein of cattle, sheep, and humans have shed light on CWD species barriers. Transgenic mice expressing the cervid prion protein have proven useful for assessing the genetic influences of Prnp polymorphisms on CWD susceptibility. Accumulating evidence of CWD pathogenesis indicates that the misfolded prion protein or prion infectivity seems to be widely disseminated in many nonneural organs and in blood. This review highlights contemporary research findings in this prion disease of free-ranging wildlife.

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Section: Interspecies Cwd Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Disease Control Challenges Posed By Cwdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A prion disease of cervids: Chronic wasting disease

2008

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“…2). Wisconsin has dense white-tailed deer populations (15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) deer/km2) with a prevalence of up to 13% of the male deer in some regions [12]. The origins of these recent outbreaks remain under investigation, but in some cases spillover from infected game farms seems a plausible explanation.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Disease Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This question is arguably one of the biggest conundrums in the CWD field, and hypotheses range from spread via direct contact to exposure through grazing in areas contaminated by prion-infected secretions, excretions (saliva, urine, feces), tissues (placenta), or decomposed carcasses. Indeed, Miller et al have shown that CWD-infected carcasses allowed to decay naturally in confined pastures can lead to CWD infections in captive deer [19]. Perhaps multiple exposure pathways can lead to an infection, nevertheless, horizontal spread of CWD is clearly Inflammation may increase the risk of prion shedding in cervids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

28.7 Chronic wasting disease

Selbitz¹,

Truyen²,

Valentin‐Weigand³

2015

Tiermedizinische Mikrobiologie, Infektions- Und Seuchenlehre

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Until recently, chronic wasting disease of cervids, the only wildlife prion disease, was believed to be geographically concentrated to Colorado and Wyoming within the United States. However, increased surveillance has unveiled several additional pockets of CWD-infected deer and elk in 12 additional states and 2 Canadian provinces. Deer and elk with CWD have extensive aggregates of PrP Sc not only in the central nervous system, but also in peripheral lymphoid tissues, skeletal muscle, and other organs, perhaps influencing prion shedding. Indeed, CWD is transmitted efficiently among animals by horizontal routes, although the mechanism of spread is unknown. Genetic polymorphisms in the Prnp gene may affect CWD susceptibility, particularly at codon 225 (S/F) in deer and codon 132 (M/L) in elk. Since CWD infects free-ranging animals and is efficiently spread, disease management will be a challenge. A chronicle of CWDA prion disease of free-ranging wildlife, chronic wasting disease (CWD) affects mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (O. virginianus), Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) [1], and moose (Alces alces shirasi) [2], all members of the family Cervidae. CWD was first noted in 1967 within a research facility in Fort Collins, Colorado where captive mule deer used for nutrition research were reported with a body wasting syndrome [2]. After more than a decade of uncertainty about the etiology of CWD, pathologists Elizabeth Williams and Stewart Young recognized the brain lesions as those of a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) in 1978, and CWD was subsequently demonstrated as a prion disease not only by the classic neuronal perikaryonic vacuoles [3], but also by the accumulation of aggregated prion protein [4] (Fig. 1) as well as prion infectivity in the brain [5]. In the late 70s and early 80s, CWD was detected in two zoological collections, in Wyoming and in Canada [6]. Beginning in 1981, cases of CWD were discovered in wild deer and elk on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and extending out on the plains following river valleys within Colorado and Wyoming [7,8]. By 1996, CWD was first detected in Canada's farmed elk, and soon thereafter in the US elk industry, although it may have occurred in this industry far earlier.More recently, CWD-infected ranched elk have been discovered in several other US states and in South Korea [9] [10] raising international awareness and concern regarding CWD. The origin of CWD remains an enigma.*Corresponding author e-mail: E-mail: csigurd@lamar.colostate.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the jou...

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“…When considering the entire TSE disease family, only the cervid specific chronic wasting disease (CWD) and sheep scrapie are readily transmissible to susceptible hosts through horizontal transmission of infected animals or environmental reservoirs of infectivity [6][7][8]. To develop a CWD management tool, we have evaluated peptide-based vaccine candidates for eventual use in farmed and wild cervids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%