Environmental testing of advanced epoxy composites

Sookay, N.K.; Klemperer, C.J. von; Verijenko, V.E.

doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.09.016

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The relevance of studies of the inhomogeneity of PCM aging is confirmed by the data of many authors [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. For example, it was determined in [ 27 ] that in fiberglass based on DEN438 and EPON828, after 2 years of exposure in the tropics, the glass transition temperature Tg of the polymer matrix decreased by 37 °C in the surface layer of the plates, while in the central part of the plates, a similar decrease was only 5° WITH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Contributing Factors of Uneven Climatic Aging for Polymeric Composite Materials: Methods and Modelling

et al. 2023

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Regarding a wide variety of PCMs, the materials’ strength properties which decrease no more than 20% after 30 years of operation are of special interest. One of the important regularities of the climatic aging of PCMs is the formation of gradients of mechanical parameters across the thickness of the plates. The occurrence of gradients must be taken into account when modeling the strength of PCMs for long periods of operation. At present, there is no scientific basis for the reliable prediction of the physical-mechanical characteristics of PCMs for a long period of operation in the world of science. Nevertheless, “climatic qualification” has been a universally recognized practice of substantiating the safe operation of PCMs for various branches of mechanical engineering. In this review, the influence of solar radiation, temperature, and moisture according to gradients of mechanical parameters across the thickness of the PCMs are analyzed according to the data of dynamic mechanical analysis, linear dilatometry, profilometry, acoustic emission, and other methods. In addition, the mechanisms of uneven climatic PCM aging are revealed. Finally, the problems of theoretical modeling of uneven climatic aging of composites are identified.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Contributing Factors of Uneven Climatic Aging for Polymeric Composite Materials: Methods and Modelling

et al. 2023

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“…This was probably due to post curing of unreacted resin matrix during the aging tests. SOOKAY et al [18] observed this behavior in a study with epoxy-based composites. For both types of composites, UV/water spray exposure did not cause a significant difference in modulus of elasticity (Table 1).…”

Section: Mass Variationmentioning

confidence: 82%

Tensile properties and color and mass variations of GFPR composites under alkaline and ultraviolet exposures

2016

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate the influence of two different environmental conditions on the quantitative change of color and mass, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) produced in Brazil. For this purpose, specimens were taken from pultruded composite profiles with two different matrices (vinylester and phenolic resins) reinforced with glass fibers. The first condition consisted of exposing them to cycles of ultraviolet radiation followed by water spray. In the second environment, the specimens were continuously exposed to alkaline solution at a constant temperature of 40 °C. After the exposure, both vinylester and phenolic composites were characterized according to the following parameters: variation of mass, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. The CIE 1976 L*a*b* color system was used to determinate the color variation of the specimens after degradation using a spectrophotometer. Results indicated significant reductions in tensile strength values for both composites, in addition to expressive variations of mass and color. However, the color variation was not directly related with the loss of mechanical strength.

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“…The reason for the absence of further degradation beyond 300 h could be provided in terms of the water saturation of epoxy resin that is reported to occur by several researchers. [2][3][4] It is perhaps reasonable to assume that this water saturation in the present GFRE pipes may have been reached after 300 h of exposure to immersion conditions and thus beyond this period the immersion conditions did not contribute to any more water uptake and any further effect on the tensile strength. Similar conclusions can be drawn for the observed no further reduction in the fracture strain (Figure 3 Comparing the results of tensile properties of indoor and outdoor exposures gives a clear indication of the effect of temperature on the degree of damage.…”

Section: Tensile Test Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus far the reported work involves experimental studies on the behavior of GFRE materials after conditioning to seawater, natural outdoor weather, and distilled water at various temperatures by tensile and creep testing. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Sookay et al 2 investigated the durability of glass fiber/epoxy laminates after conditioning to dry and humid climate. The compressive strength was seen to reduce with increase in exposure period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of harsh weather and seawater on glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite

Merah

Nizamuddin

Khan

et al. 2010

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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The lack of reliable engineering data on the durability of glass fiber reinforced Epoxy (GFRE) pipes when exposed to harsh Arabian Gulf outdoor environment has limited their wide use for saltwater and crude oil handling and transportation. This article explores the combined effect of natural and accelerated weathering and seawater on tensile properties of GFRE pipe materials. Saltwater filled pipes were exposed to outdoor environment in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia for periods ranging from 6 to 12 months. Ring-shaped tensile test specimens were also immersed in oxygenated saltwater at room temperature for time periods ranging from 300 to 10,000 h. The natural exposures resulted in gradual reduction of tensile strength and fracture strain with exposure time in saltwater filled pipes. The exposure to oxygenated saltwater immersion also showed detrimental effects after 300 h of exposure. Longer immersion periods did not result in further strength degradation. The stiffness of the GFRE pipe specimens remained more or less unaffected by exposure to seawater. Fractographic analysis of unexposed specimens showed a combination of Mode I and Mode II failure characterized by inclined hackles as well as fiber breakage. High outdoor temperature and moisture absorption decreased fiber—matrix interface strength and caused degradation at the fiber level resulting in lower ultimate strength, fracture strain, and stiffness of the GFRE.

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Environmental testing of advanced epoxy composites

Cited by 13 publications

References 3 publications

Contributing Factors of Uneven Climatic Aging for Polymeric Composite Materials: Methods and Modelling

Contributing Factors of Uneven Climatic Aging for Polymeric Composite Materials: Methods and Modelling

Tensile properties and color and mass variations of GFPR composites under alkaline and ultraviolet exposures

Effects of harsh weather and seawater on glass fiber reinforced epoxy composite

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